ggml: initial IBM zDNN backend (#14975)

* ggml-zdnn: inital backend impl Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> ggml-zdnn: temp change z17 to arch15 Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> ggml-zdnn: fix build bugs Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: tensor->extra logging check Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> ggml-zdnn: add layout name mapping, ztensor information Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> ggml-zdnn: separate logging into its own line Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> ggml-zdnn: add shape comparison Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> ggml-zdnn: add ggml_tensor shape log Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> ggml-zdnn: fix incorrect shape logging Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add output buffer check Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: run compute and store into tensor->extra Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add set_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add more loggers Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: update set_tensor logging to check only for matmul Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: last working matmul version Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add comments to prevent accidentally deleting lines Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: support op out_prod Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: update op out_prod to use tensor->extra Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: rewrite the backend implementation Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: bugfix new impl Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix compiler warnings and bugfixes Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: test ztensor finding in init_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: implement at least 1 op to test Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: assign tensor->extra to buffer Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add check for view tensors to prevent init_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: rework init_tensor to create new buffers Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: switch to std vector instead of array Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: switch buffers back and set to arbitrary number Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: impl init_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: update supports_op matmul matrix Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix incorrect ztensor shape, reduce memory padding Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: code clean up Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: impl matmul Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix compiler error missing type Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix missing data transform call Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add bias init_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: tighten memory usage, change string allocation Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add bias ztensor and data free Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add bias data transform Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add more debug info for extra buffer transform Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add logger to check if mat mul ops go through set_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: activate bias transform in matmul Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: move weights transform into mulmat Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add more safeguards in matmul Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix sequencing of transforms Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: bugfix transform ztensor vs origtensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: figure out why sigtrap is happening Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix sigsegv Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: move everything back to local declaration Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: move bias data to local also Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: bring back working matmul Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: rewrite into mre Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix missing vector import Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix missing vector import in header Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: attempt to fix sigsegv Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix missing load tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix invalid ztensor buffer release Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add logging to debug free buffer Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: remove free_buffer debug info Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add parmblkformat detections Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add nnpa installed detection Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add zdnn_init call for static libs Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add init_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: attempt at fixing invalid buffer Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: switch to using deque to fix pointer deref problem Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add weights logging to check Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: attempt to use unique ptr Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add tensor to pre_tfm_desc logging Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add inputs logging Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: disable op_none initialisation for testing Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix missing return from init_tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: load ztensors in cgraph exec Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: work on moving output ztensor as well Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: disable logging and breakpoints for full test Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: attempt at manually changing the layout Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: attempt at using default nwhc format instead Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: disable global load ztensor for now Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix errorenous output load tensor Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: add guards to prevent loading ztensor if transformed Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: code cleanup Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: bring load ztensor back to init routine Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: code clean up Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix ztensor deallocation abort stabilise ggml <-> zdnn api Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: clean up matmul selection Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: clean up project structure Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: update documentation, prepare for upstream Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * chore: add codeowners Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: disable batched matmul Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: attempt at fixing tensor views during matmul Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: deny all view tensors directly Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix pr comments Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * docs: update ops docs for zdnn Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: redo test-backend-ops for ops.md Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * ggml-zdnn: fix typo in build-s390x.md Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * codeowners: remove taronaeo for now Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> * Revert "codeowners: remove taronaeo for now" This reverts commit 411ea4ed78. * ggml-zdnn: remove unused ggml_zdnn macro Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Aaron Teo <aaron.teo1@ibm.com>
2025-08-17 21:51:27 -04:00 · 2025-08-15 21:11:22 +08:00
parent d3248d9b65
commit ff27f80a74
15 changed files with 9265 additions and 102 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/010-bug-compilation.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/010-bug-compilation.yml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ body:
    attributes:
        label: GGML backends
        description: Which GGML backends do you know to be affected?
-        options: [AMX, BLAS, CPU, CUDA, HIP, Metal, Musa, RPC, SYCL, Vulkan, OpenCL]
+        options: [AMX, BLAS, CPU, CUDA, HIP, Metal, Musa, RPC, SYCL, Vulkan, OpenCL, zDNN]
        multiple: true
    validations:
      required: true
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/011-bug-results.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/011-bug-results.yml
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ body:
    attributes:
        label: GGML backends
        description: Which GGML backends do you know to be affected?
-        options: [AMX, BLAS, CPU, CUDA, HIP, Metal, Musa, RPC, SYCL, Vulkan, OpenCL]
+        options: [AMX, BLAS, CPU, CUDA, HIP, Metal, Musa, RPC, SYCL, Vulkan, OpenCL, zDNN]
        multiple: true
    validations:
      required: true
--- a/.github/labeler.yml
+++ b/.github/labeler.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@ Vulkan:
        - any-glob-to-any-file:
            - ggml/include/ggml-vulkan.h
            - ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/**
+IBM zDNN:
+    - changed-files:
+        - any-glob-to-any-file:
+            - ggml/include/ggml-zdnn.h
+            - ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/**
 documentation:
    - changed-files:
        - any-glob-to-any-file:
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@
 /ggml/src/ggml-opt.cpp @JohannesGaessler
 /ggml/src/gguf.cpp @JohannesGaessler
 /ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/ @0cc4m
+/ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/ @taronaeo
--- a/docs/build-s390x.md
+++ b/docs/build-s390x.md
@@ -76,6 +76,23 @@ cmake --build build --config Release -j $(nproc)
    cmake --build build --config Release -j $(nproc)
    ```

+## IBM zDNN Accelerator
+
+This provides acceleration using the IBM zAIU co-processor located in the Telum I and Telum II processors. Make sure to have the [IBM zDNN library](https://github.com/IBM/zDNN) installed.
+
+#### Compile from source from IBM
+
+You may find the official build instructions here: [Building and Installing zDNN](https://github.com/IBM/zDNN?tab=readme-ov-file#building-and-installing-zdnn)
+
+### Compilation
+
+```bash
+cmake -S . -B build             \
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release  \
+    -DGGML_ZDNN=ON
+cmake --build build --config Release -j$(nproc)
+```
+
 ## Getting GGUF Models

 All models need to be converted to Big-Endian. You can achieve this in three cases:
@@ -145,15 +162,15 @@ All models need to be converted to Big-Endian. You can achieve this in three cas

 ### 1. SIMD Acceleration

-Only available in IBM z15 or later system with the `-DGGML_VXE=ON` (turned on by default) compile flag. No hardware acceleration is possible with llama.cpp with older systems, such as IBM z14/arch12. In such systems, the APIs can still run but will use a scalar implementation.
+Only available in IBM z15/LinuxONE 3 or later system with the `-DGGML_VXE=ON` (turned on by default) compile flag. No hardware acceleration is possible with llama.cpp with older systems, such as IBM z14/arch12. In such systems, the APIs can still run but will use a scalar implementation.

 ### 2. NNPA Vector Intrinsics Acceleration

-Only available in IBM z16 or later system with the `-DGGML_NNPA=ON` (turned off by default) compile flag. No hardware acceleration is possible with llama.cpp with older systems, such as IBM z15/arch13. In such systems, the APIs can still run but will use a scalar implementation.
+Only available in IBM z16/LinuxONE 4 or later system with the `-DGGML_NNPA=ON` (turned off by default) compile flag. No hardware acceleration is possible with llama.cpp with older systems, such as IBM z15/arch13. In such systems, the APIs can still run but will use a scalar implementation.

-### 3. zDNN Accelerator
+### 3. zDNN Accelerator (WIP)

-_Only available in IBM z16 / LinuxONE 4 or later system. No support currently available._
+Only available in IBM z17/LinuxONE 5 or later system with the `-DGGML_ZDNN=ON` compile flag. No hardware acceleration is possible with llama.cpp with older systems, such as IBM z15/arch13. In such systems, the APIs will default back to CPU routines.

 ### 4. Spyre Accelerator

@@ -229,11 +246,12 @@ IBM VXE/VXE2 SIMD acceleration depends on the BLAS implementation. It is strongl

 ## Appendix A: Hardware Support Matrix

-|         | Support | Minimum Compiler Version |
-| ------- | ------- | ------------------------ |
-| IBM z15 | ✅      |                          |
-| IBM z16 | ✅      |                          |
-| IBM z17 | ✅      | GCC 15.1.0               |
+|          | Support | Minimum Compiler Version |
+| -------- | ------- | ------------------------ |
+| IBM z15  | ✅      |                          |
+| IBM z16  | ✅      |                          |
+| IBM z17  | ✅      | GCC 15.1.0               |
+| IBM zDNN | ✅      |                          |

 -   ✅ - supported and verified to run as intended
 -   🚫 - unsupported, we are unlikely able to provide support
@@ -242,7 +260,7 @@ IBM VXE/VXE2 SIMD acceleration depends on the BLAS implementation. It is strongl

 |            | VX/VXE/VXE2 | NNPA | zDNN | Spyre |
 | ---------- | ----------- | ---- | ---- | ----- |
-| FP32       | ✅          | ✅   | ❓   | ❓    |
+| FP32       | ✅          | ✅   | ✅   | ❓    |
 | FP16       | ✅          | ✅   | ❓   | ❓    |
 | BF16       | 🚫          | 🚫   | ❓   | ❓    |
 | Q4_0       | ✅          | ✅   | ❓   | ❓    |
@@ -273,4 +291,4 @@ IBM VXE/VXE2 SIMD acceleration depends on the BLAS implementation. It is strongl
 -   🚫 - acceleration unavailable, will still run using scalar implementation
 -   ❓ - acceleration unknown, please contribute if you can test it yourself

-Last Updated by **Aaron Teo (aaron.teo1@ibm.com)** on July 25, 2025.
+Last Updated by **Aaron Teo (aaron.teo1@ibm.com)** on July 31, 2025.
--- a/docs/ops.md
+++ b/docs/ops.md
@@ -12,91 +12,92 @@ Legend:
 - 🟡 Partially supported by this backend
 - ❌ Not supported by this backend

-| Operation | BLAS | CANN | CPU | CUDA | Metal | OpenCL | SYCL | Vulkan |
-|-----------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
-|                              ABS | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                              ACC | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                              ADD | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                             ADD1 | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
-|                           ARANGE | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                           ARGMAX | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                          ARGSORT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                            CLAMP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                           CONCAT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ |
-|                             CONT | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                          CONV_2D | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                       CONV_2D_DW | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                CONV_TRANSPOSE_2D | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                              COS | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                      COUNT_EQUAL | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                              CPY | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|               CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|          CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                    DIAG_MASK_INF | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                              DIV | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                              DUP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                              ELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                              EXP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                   FLASH_ATTN_EXT | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 |
-|                GATED_LINEAR_ATTN | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
-|                            GEGLU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                        GEGLU_ERF | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                      GEGLU_QUICK | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                             GELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                         GELU_ERF | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                       GELU_QUICK | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                         GET_ROWS | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                    GET_ROWS_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                       GROUP_NORM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                      HARDSIGMOID | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                        HARDSWISH | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                           IM2COL | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                          L2_NORM | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                       LEAKY_RELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                              LOG | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
-|                             MEAN | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                              MUL | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                          MUL_MAT | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                       MUL_MAT_ID | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ |
-|                              NEG | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                             NORM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                   OPT_STEP_ADAMW | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                         OUT_PROD | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                              PAD | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                   PAD_REFLECT_1D | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                          POOL_2D | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                            REGLU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                             RELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                           REPEAT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                      REPEAT_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                         RMS_NORM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                    RMS_NORM_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                 RMS_NORM_MUL_ADD | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                             ROLL | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                             ROPE | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                        ROPE_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                        RWKV_WKV6 | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                        RWKV_WKV7 | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                            SCALE | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                              SET | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                         SET_ROWS | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                              SGN | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                          SIGMOID | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                             SILU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|                        SILU_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                              SIN | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                         SOFT_MAX | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ |
-|                    SOFT_MAX_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
-|                              SQR | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                             SQRT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
-|                         SSM_CONV | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                         SSM_SCAN | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
-|                             STEP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
-|                              SUB | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                              SUM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                         SUM_ROWS | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                           SWIGLU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 |
-|                             TANH | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 |
-|               TIMESTEP_EMBEDDING | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
-|                          UPSCALE | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ |
+| Operation | BLAS | CANN | CPU | CUDA | Metal | OpenCL | SYCL | Vulkan | zDNN |
+|-----------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
+|                              ABS | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                              ACC | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              ADD | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                             ADD1 | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                           ARANGE | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                           ARGMAX | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                          ARGSORT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                            CLAMP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                           CONCAT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                             CONT | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                          CONV_2D | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                       CONV_2D_DW | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                CONV_TRANSPOSE_2D | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                              COS | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                      COUNT_EQUAL | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              CPY | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|               CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|          CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                    DIAG_MASK_INF | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              DIV | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              DUP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                              ELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                              EXP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                   FLASH_ATTN_EXT | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                GATED_LINEAR_ATTN | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                            GEGLU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                        GEGLU_ERF | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                      GEGLU_QUICK | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                             GELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                         GELU_ERF | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                       GELU_QUICK | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                         GET_ROWS | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                    GET_ROWS_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                       GROUP_NORM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                      HARDSIGMOID | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                        HARDSWISH | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                           IM2COL | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                          L2_NORM | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                       LEAKY_RELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              LOG | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                             MEAN | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                              MUL | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                          MUL_MAT | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 |
+|                       MUL_MAT_ID | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              NEG | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                             NORM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                   OPT_STEP_ADAMW | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                         OUT_PROD | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                              PAD | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                   PAD_REFLECT_1D | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                          POOL_2D | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                            REGLU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                             RELU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                           REPEAT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                      REPEAT_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                         RMS_NORM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                    RMS_NORM_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                 RMS_NORM_MUL_ADD | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                             ROLL | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                             ROPE | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                        ROPE_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                        RWKV_WKV6 | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                        RWKV_WKV7 | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                            SCALE | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              SET | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                         SET_ROWS | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                              SGN | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                          SIGMOID | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                             SILU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                        SILU_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              SIN | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                          SOFTCAP | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                         SOFT_MAX | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                    SOFT_MAX_BACK | ❌ | ❌ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              SQR | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                             SQRT | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                         SSM_CONV | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                         SSM_SCAN | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                             STEP | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ | 🟡 | ❌ | ❌ |
+|                              SUB | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                              SUM | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                         SUM_ROWS | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                           SWIGLU | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|                             TANH | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | 🟡 | ❌ |
+|               TIMESTEP_EMBEDDING | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
+|                          UPSCALE | ❌ | 🟡 | ✅ | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | 🟡 | ✅ | ❌ |
--- a/docs/ops/zDNN.csv
+++ b/docs/ops/zDNN.csv
--- a/ggml/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/ggml/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ option(GGML_VULKAN_VALIDATE                 "ggml: enable Vulkan validation"
 option(GGML_VULKAN_RUN_TESTS                "ggml: run Vulkan tests"                          OFF)
 option(GGML_WEBGPU                          "ggml: use WebGPU"                                OFF)
 option(GGML_WEBGPU_DEBUG                    "ggml: enable WebGPU debug output"                OFF)
+option(GGML_ZDNN                            "ggml: use zDNN"                                  OFF)
 option(GGML_METAL                           "ggml: use Metal"                                 ${GGML_METAL_DEFAULT})
 option(GGML_METAL_USE_BF16                  "ggml: use bfloat if available"                   OFF)
 option(GGML_METAL_NDEBUG                    "ggml: disable Metal debugging"                   OFF)
--- a/ggml/include/ggml-zdnn.h
+++ b/ggml/include/ggml-zdnn.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "ggml-backend.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+GGML_BACKEND_API ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_zdnn_init(void);
+
+GGML_BACKEND_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_zdnn_reg(void);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
--- a/ggml/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/ggml/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -382,6 +382,7 @@ ggml_add_backend(RPC)
 ggml_add_backend(SYCL)
 ggml_add_backend(Vulkan)
 ggml_add_backend(WebGPU)
+ggml_add_backend(zDNN)
 ggml_add_backend(OpenCL)

 foreach (target ggml-base ggml)
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@
 #include "ggml-webgpu.h"
 #endif

+#ifdef GGML_USE_ZDNN
+#include "ggml-zdnn.h"
+#endif
+
 #ifdef GGML_USE_OPENCL
 #include "ggml-opencl.h"
 #endif
@@ -180,6 +184,9 @@ struct ggml_backend_registry {
 #ifdef GGML_USE_WEBGPU
        register_backend(ggml_backend_webgpu_reg());
 #endif
+#ifdef GGML_USE_ZDNN
+        register_backend(ggml_backend_zdnn_reg());
+#endif
 #ifdef GGML_USE_OPENCL
        register_backend(ggml_backend_opencl_reg());
 #endif
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ function(ggml_add_cpu_backend_variant_impl tag_name)
            # NOTE: Only available from GCC 15.1.0 onwards. Any z17 machine with compile issues must first verify their GCC version.
            #       binutils must also be updated to the latest for the -march=z17 flag to work. Otherwise, use -march=arch15.
            message(STATUS "z17 target")
-            list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -march=z17)
+            list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -march=arch15)
        else()
            message(STATUS "Unknown target")
            message(WARNING "Unknown target. If you are compiling for z14 and earlier, you might have to add -DGGML_VXE=OFF.")
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+if (DEFINED ZDNN_ROOT)
+    message(STATUS "zdnn: using ZDNN_ROOT override: ${ZDNN_ROOT}")
+    set(ZDNN_HINT "${ZDNN_ROOT}")
+else()
+    set(ZDNN_HINT "")
+endif()
+
+find_path(ZDNN_INCLUDE
+            NAMES zdnn.h
+            HINTS ${ZDNN_HINT} /usr /usr/local
+            PATH_SUFFIXES include)
+if (ZDNN_INCLUDE)
+    message(STATUS "zdnn: found include: ${ZDNN_INCLUDE}")
+else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "zdnn: include directory not found, please set ZDNN_ROOT to the proper path if necessary")
+endif()
+
+find_library(ZDNN_LIB
+                NAMES zdnn
+                HINTS ${ZDNN_HINT} /usr /usr/local
+                PATH_SUFFIXES lib lib64)
+if (ZDNN_LIB)
+    message(STATUS "zdnn: found library: ${ZDNN_LIB}")
+else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "zdnn: library not found, please set ZDNN_ROOT to the proper path if necessary")
+endif()
+
+file(GLOB GGML_SOURCES_ZDNN "*.c" "*.cpp")
+file(GLOB GGML_HEADERS_ZDNN "*.h" "*.hpp")
+
+ggml_add_backend_library(ggml-zdnn ${GGML_HEADERS_ZDNN} ${GGML_SOURCES_ZDNN})
+target_link_libraries(ggml-zdnn PRIVATE ${ZDNN_LIB})
+target_include_directories(ggml-zdnn PRIVATE ${ZDNN_INCLUDE})
+target_link_directories(ggml-zdnn PRIVATE ${ZDNN_LIB})
+
+target_compile_definitions(ggml-zdnn PRIVATE GGML_USE_ZDNN)
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/ggml-zdnn-impl.h
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/ggml-zdnn-impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#ifndef GGML_ZDNN_IMPL
+#define GGML_ZDNN_IMPL
+
+#include "zdnn.h"
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "ggml-zdnn.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vecintrin.h>
+
+#define GGML_ZDNN_NAME    "zDNN"
+#define GGML_ZDNN_VERSION ZDNN_VERNUM
+
+#define vec_neg(a)    (-(a))                // Vector Negate
+#define vec_add(a, b) ((a) + (b))           // Vector Add
+#define vec_sub(a, b) ((a) - (b))           // Vector Subtract
+#define vec_mul(a, b) ((a) * (b))           // Vector Multiply
+#define vec_div(a, b) ((a) / (b))           // Vector Divide
+#define vec_sl(a, b)  ((a) << (b))          // Vector Shift Left
+#define vec_sra(a, b) ((a) >> (b))          // Vector Shift Right
+#define vec_sr(a, b)  ((a) >> (b))          // Vector Shift Right Algebraic
+#define vec_slo(a, b) vec_slb(a, (b) << 64) // Vector Shift Left by Octet
+#define vec_sro(a, b) vec_srb(a, (b) << 64) // Vector Shift Right by Octet
+
+#ifndef vec_and
+#define vec_and(a, b) ((a) & (b)) // Vector AND
+#endif
+
+#ifndef vec_or
+#define vec_or(a, b)  ((a) | (b)) // Vector OR
+#endif
+
+#ifndef vec_xor
+#define vec_xor(a, b) ((a) ^ (b)) // Vector XOR
+#endif
+
+typedef   signed char char8x16_t  __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef unsigned char uchar8x16_t __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+
+typedef int8_t   int8x16_t  __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef int16_t  int16x8_t  __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef int32_t  int32x4_t  __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef uint8_t  uint8x16_t __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef uint16_t uint16x8_t __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef uint32_t uint32x4_t __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+
+typedef float float32x4_t   __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef double double64x2_t __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+
+typedef   signed long long long64x2_t  __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+typedef unsigned long long ulong64x2_t __attribute__((vector_size(16)));
+
+#define ZDNN_CHECK(stmt)                \
+    do {                                \
+        zdnn_status status = (stmt);    \
+        GGML_ASSERT(status == ZDNN_OK); \
+    } while (0);
+
+struct ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context {
+    int zdnn_device;
+    int zdnn_device_ref_count;
+
+    bool has_parmblkformat_0;
+    bool has_parmblkformat_1;
+
+    size_t max_size;
+
+    char name[128];
+};
+
+struct ggml_backend_zdnn_context {
+    int device;
+    ggml_cgraph * gf;
+};
+
+struct ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer {
+    void * data;
+    size_t size;
+
+    zdnn_tensor_desc pre_tfm_desc;
+    zdnn_tensor_desc tfm_desc;
+    zdnn_ztensor     ztensor;
+
+    char name[GGML_MAX_NAME];
+};
+
+struct ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context {
+    void * all_data;
+    size_t all_size;
+    bool owned;
+
+    int n_buffers;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer>> buffers;
+};
+
+#endif  // GGML_ZDNN_IMPL
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/ggml-zdnn.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-zdnn/ggml-zdnn.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,846 @@
+#include "zdnn.h"
+#include "ggml-zdnn.h"
+#include "ggml-zdnn-impl.h"
+
+#include "ggml-impl.h"
+#include "ggml-backend-impl.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+#include <csignal>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+inline zdnn_data_types ggml_zdnn_type_mapping(ggml_type type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case GGML_TYPE_F32:
+            return FP32;
+        case GGML_TYPE_F16:
+            return FP16;
+        case GGML_TYPE_BF16:
+            return BFLOAT;
+        case GGML_TYPE_I8:
+            return INT8;
+        case GGML_TYPE_I32:
+            return INT32;
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
+            return INT8;
+        default:
+            GGML_ABORT("%s: fatal: unable to determine zTensor data type",
+                       __func__);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+inline void ggml_zdnn_create_tensor(zdnn_tensor_desc  & pre_tfm_desc,
+                                    zdnn_tensor_desc  & tfm_desc,
+                                    zdnn_ztensor      & ztensor,
+                              const ggml_tensor       * src,
+                              const int64_t           * ne,
+                              const zdnn_data_layouts   layout) {
+    zdnn_init_pre_transformed_desc(
+        layout,
+        ggml_zdnn_type_mapping(src->type),
+        &pre_tfm_desc,
+        ne[3], ne[2], ne[1], ne[0]
+    );
+
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_generate_transformed_desc(&pre_tfm_desc, &tfm_desc));
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_init_ztensor_with_malloc(&pre_tfm_desc, &tfm_desc, &ztensor));
+}
+
+inline void ggml_zdnn_load_tensor(zdnn_ztensor & ztensor,
+                                          void * buffer) {
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_transform_ztensor(&ztensor, buffer));
+}
+
+inline void ggml_zdnn_init_tensor(ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer * buffer, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+    switch (tensor->op) {
+        case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
+            {
+                zdnn_init_pre_transformed_desc(
+                    ZDNN_2D,
+                    ggml_zdnn_type_mapping(tensor->type),
+                    &buffer->pre_tfm_desc,
+                    tensor->ne[1], tensor->ne[0]
+                );
+            } break;
+
+        default:
+            {
+                // For 4D tensors, GGML uses NCHW layout. However, because zDNN
+                // automatically transforms everything to NHWC, we will use it
+                // directly to avoid the performance penalty changing the
+                // layout and reshaping the tensor.
+                zdnn_init_pre_transformed_desc(
+                    ZDNN_NHWC,
+                    ggml_zdnn_type_mapping(tensor->type),
+                    &buffer->pre_tfm_desc,
+                    tensor->ne[3], tensor->ne[2], tensor->ne[1], tensor->ne[0]
+                );
+
+                // TODO: Consider adding a ggml check.
+                // TODO: If tensor = 4D, use ZDNN_NCHW by default.
+                // TODO: If tensor = 2D, use ZDNN_NHWC by default.
+            } break;
+    }
+
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_generate_transformed_desc(&buffer->pre_tfm_desc, &buffer->tfm_desc));
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_init_ztensor_with_malloc(&buffer->pre_tfm_desc, &buffer->tfm_desc, &buffer->ztensor));
+}
+
+static void ggml_zdnn_mul_mat_op(ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    GGML_TENSOR_BINARY_OP_LOCALS;
+
+    const enum ggml_type type = src0->type;
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(ne0 == ne01);
+    GGML_ASSERT(ne1 == ne11);
+    GGML_ASSERT(ne2 == ne12);
+    GGML_ASSERT(ne3 == ne13);
+
+    // we don't support permuted src0 or src1
+    GGML_ASSERT(nb00 == ggml_type_size(type));
+    GGML_ASSERT(nb10 == ggml_type_size(src1->type));
+
+    // dst cannot be transposed or permuted
+    GGML_ASSERT(nb0 == sizeof(float));
+    GGML_ASSERT(nb0 <= nb1);
+    GGML_ASSERT(nb1 <= nb2);
+    GGML_ASSERT(nb2 <= nb3);
+
+    const ggml_tensor * weights = src0;
+    const ggml_tensor * inputs  = src1;
+          ggml_tensor * output  = dst;
+
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer * weights_extra = (ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer *)weights->extra;
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer * inputs_extra  = (ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer *)inputs->extra;
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer * output_extra  = (ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer *)output->extra;
+
+    zdnn_tensor_desc ptd_bias, td_bias;
+    zdnn_ztensor zt_bias;
+
+    const int64_t weights_rows = ne01;
+    const int64_t weights_cols = ne00;
+    const int64_t inputs_rows  = ne11;
+    const int64_t inputs_cols  = ne10;
+
+    assert(inputs_cols == weights_cols);
+
+    const int64_t output_rows = ne1;
+    const int64_t output_cols = ne0;
+
+    const int64_t bias_dim  [GGML_MAX_DIMS]  = { 1, 1, 1, output_cols };
+    ggml_zdnn_create_tensor(ptd_bias, td_bias, zt_bias, output, bias_dim, ZDNN_1D);
+
+    void * bias_data = (void *)calloc(ne0, ggml_element_size(output));
+    if (weights_extra->ztensor.is_transformed == false) ggml_zdnn_load_tensor(weights_extra->ztensor, weights->data);
+    if (inputs_extra->ztensor.is_transformed == false) ggml_zdnn_load_tensor(inputs_extra->ztensor, inputs->data);
+    ggml_zdnn_load_tensor(zt_bias, bias_data);
+
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: tensor '%s' tensor dimensions: [%ld, %ld, %ld, %ld] pre_tfm_desc dimensions: [%ld, %ld, %ld, %ld]\n",
+    //               __func__, weights_extra->name,
+    //               weights->ne[3], weights->ne[2], weights->ne[1], weights->ne[0],
+    //               weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim1,
+    //               weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim2,
+    //               weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim3,
+    //               weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim4);
+
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: tensor '%s' tensor dimensions: [%ld, %ld, %ld, %ld] pre_tfm_desc dimensions: [%ld, %ld, %ld, %ld]\n",
+    //               __func__, inputs_extra->name,
+    //               inputs->ne[3], inputs->ne[2], inputs->ne[1], inputs->ne[0],
+    //               inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim1,
+    //               inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim2,
+    //               inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim3,
+    //               inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim4);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim1 == weights->ne[0] && "weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim1 must match weights->ne[0]");
+    GGML_ASSERT(weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim2 == weights->ne[1] && "weights_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim2 must match weights->ne[1]");
+    GGML_ASSERT(inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim1  == inputs->ne[0]  && "inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim1 must match inputs->ne[0]");
+    GGML_ASSERT(inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim2  == inputs->ne[1]  && "inputs_extra->pre_tfm_desc.dim2 must match inputs->ne[1]");
+
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_matmul_transpose_op(&inputs_extra->ztensor, &weights_extra->ztensor, &zt_bias,
+                                        false, true, MATMUL_OP_ADDITION, &output_extra->ztensor));
+    // TODO: Remove in the future as we are currently DLF16 -> FP32 then in the next op, FP32 -> DLF16 again. Inefficient.
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_transform_origtensor(&output_extra->ztensor, output->data));
+
+    ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_free_ztensor_buffer(&zt_bias));
+    free(bias_data);
+}
+
+static void ggml_zdnn_mul_mat_dispatch(ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    bool use_mul_mat_vec =
+        (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F16 || src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F16)
+        && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32
+        && src0->ne[0] % 2 == 0 && src1->ne[1] == 1;
+
+    bool use_mul_mat_vec_q =
+        ggml_is_quantized(src0->type)
+        && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
+
+    bool use_mul_mat_q =
+        ggml_is_quantized(src0->type)
+        && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
+
+    // debug helpers
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: use_mul_mat_vec   = %d\n", __func__, use_mul_mat_vec);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: use_mul_mat_vec_q = %d\n", __func__, use_mul_mat_vec_q);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: use_mul_mat_q     = %d\n", __func__, use_mul_mat_q);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: src0: %8d %8d %8d %8d\n", __func__, src0->ne[0], src0->ne[1], src0->ne[2], src0->ne[3]);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s:       %8d %8d %8d %8d\n", __func__, src0->nb[0], src0->nb[1], src0->nb[2], src0->nb[3]);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: src1: %8d %8d %8d %8d\n", __func__, src1->ne[0], src1->ne[1], src1->ne[2], src1->ne[3]);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s:       %8d %8d %8d %8d\n", __func__, src1->nb[0], src1->nb[1], src1->nb[2], src1->nb[3]);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: src0 is contiguous %d, transposed %d, type = %s, name = %s\n", __func__, ggml_is_contiguous(src0), ggml_is_transposed(src0), ggml_type_name(src0->type), src0->name);
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: src1 is contiguous %d, transposed %d, type = %s, name = %s\n", __func__, ggml_is_contiguous(src1), ggml_is_transposed(src1), ggml_type_name(src1->type), src1->name);
+
+    if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F16 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F16
+        && !ggml_is_transposed(src0) && !ggml_is_transposed(src1)
+        && src1->ne[2] * src1->ne[3] > 1) {
+        // general KQ + KQV multi-batch
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: using zdnn_mul_mat_batched for KQ + KQV multi-batch\n", __func__);
+        // ggml_zdnn_mul_mat_batched(ctx, src0, src1, dst);
+    } else if (use_mul_mat_vec) {
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: using zdnn_op_mul_mat_vec for vector multiplication\n", __func__);
+        // ggml_zdnn_op_mul_mat(ctx, src0, src1, dst, ggml_zdnn_op_mul_mat_vec, nullptr);
+    } else if (use_mul_mat_vec_q) {
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: using zdnn_op_mul_mat_vec_q for quantized vector multiplication\n", __func__);
+        // ggml_zdnn_op_mul_mat(ctx, src0, src1, dst, ggml_zdnn_op_mul_mat_vec_q, ggml_zdnn_quantize_row_q8_1);
+    } else if (use_mul_mat_q) {
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: using zdnn_op_mul_mat_q for quantized matrix multiplication\n", __func__);
+        // ggml_zdnn_op_mul_mat(ctx, src0, src1, dst, ggml_zdnn_op_mul_mat_q, ggml_zdnn_quantize_mmq_q8_1);
+    } else {
+        // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: using zdnn_op_mul_mat for general matrix multiplication\n", __func__);
+        ggml_zdnn_mul_mat_op(ctx, src0, src1, dst);
+    }
+}
+
+static bool ggml_zdnn_compute_forward(ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    switch (dst->op) {
+        case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
+            ggml_zdnn_mul_mat_dispatch(ctx, dst->src[0], dst->src[1], dst);
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static enum ggml_status ggml_zdnn_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * gf) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_context        * ctx     = (       ggml_backend_zdnn_context *)backend->context;
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx_dev = (ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context *)backend->device->context;
+
+    ctx->gf = gf;
+    for (int i = 0; i < gf->n_nodes; i++) {
+        ggml_tensor * node = gf->nodes[i];
+
+        if (ggml_is_empty(node)
+            || node->op == GGML_OP_NONE
+            || node->op == GGML_OP_RESHAPE
+            || node->op == GGML_OP_VIEW
+            || node->op == GGML_OP_PERMUTE
+            || node->op == GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        bool ok = ggml_zdnn_compute_forward(ctx, node);
+        if (!ok) {
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: unsupported op %s (%s)\n",
+                           __func__, node->name, ggml_op_name(node->op));
+        }
+
+        GGML_ASSERT(ok);
+    }
+
+    return GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static bool ggml_zdnn_supports_op(const ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx_dev, const ggml_tensor * op) {
+    switch (op->op) {
+        case GGML_OP_NONE:
+        case GGML_OP_RESHAPE:
+        case GGML_OP_VIEW:
+        case GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE:
+        case GGML_OP_PERMUTE:
+            return true;
+
+        case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
+            {
+                const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
+                const ggml_tensor * src1 = op->src[1];
+
+                const int64_t ne10 = src1->ne[0];
+                const int64_t ne0 = op->ne[0];
+                const int64_t ne1 = op->ne[1];
+
+                const int64_t max_batch = ctx_dev->max_size;
+
+                return ggml_is_matrix(src0) &&
+                       ggml_is_matrix(src1) &&
+                       ggml_is_contiguous(src0) &&
+                       ggml_is_contiguous(src1) &&
+                       src0->view_src == nullptr && src1->view_src == nullptr &&
+                       src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && src1->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                       (ne0 <= max_batch && ne1 <= max_batch && ne10 <= max_batch);
+            } break;
+
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+//
+// globals
+//
+
+// initialised in ggml_backend_zdnn_reg
+static ggml_backend_reg    g_ggml_backend_zdnn_reg;
+static ggml_backend_device g_ggml_backend_zdnn_device;
+
+static ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context g_ggml_ctx_dev_main = {
+    /* .zdnn_device           = */ 0,
+    /* .zdnn_device_ref_count = */ 0,
+    /* .has_parmblkformat_0   = */ false,
+    /* .has_parmblkformat_1   = */ false,
+    /* .max_size              = */ 0,
+    /* .name                  = */ "",
+};
+
+static int ggml_backend_zdnn_device_acq(ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx) {
+    assert(ctx != NULL);
+
+    if (ctx->zdnn_device == 0) {
+        ctx->zdnn_device = 1;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx->zdnn_device >= 1) {
+        ctx->has_parmblkformat_0 = zdnn_is_nnpa_parmblk_fmt_installed(1, NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_0);
+        ctx->has_parmblkformat_1 = zdnn_is_nnpa_parmblk_fmt_installed(1, NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_1);
+        ctx->max_size = zdnn_get_nnpa_max_dim_idx_size();
+        strncpy(ctx->name, GGML_ZDNN_NAME, sizeof(ctx->name) - 1);
+    }
+
+    ctx->zdnn_device_ref_count++;
+    return ctx->zdnn_device;
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_device_rel(ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx) {
+    assert(ctx != NULL);
+    assert(ctx->zdnn_device_ref_count > 0);
+
+    ctx->zdnn_device_ref_count--;
+    if (ctx->zdnn_device_ref_count == 0) {
+        if (ctx->zdnn_device >= 0) {
+            ctx->zdnn_device = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ggml_zdnn_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: allocating\n", __func__);
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: found 1 device\n", __func__);
+
+    #ifdef STATIC_LIB
+    zdnn_init();
+    #endif
+
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx = new ggml_backend_zdnn_context();
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx_dev = (ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context *)dev->context;
+
+    int device = 1;
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: picking default device: %s\n", __func__, ctx_dev->name);
+
+    ctx->device = device;
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: NNPA name: %s\n", __func__, ctx_dev->name);
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_0 = %s\n", __func__, ctx_dev->has_parmblkformat_0 ? "true" : "false");
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_1 = %s\n", __func__, ctx_dev->has_parmblkformat_1 ? "true" : "false");
+
+    ctx->gf = nullptr;
+
+    return ctx;
+}
+
+static void ggml_zdnn_free(ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx) {
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: deallocating\n", __func__);
+    delete ctx;
+}
+
+//
+// backend interface
+//
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < ctx->n_buffers; i++) {
+        if (ctx->buffers[i]->ztensor.buffer != NULL && ctx->buffers[i]->ztensor.is_transformed) {
+            ZDNN_CHECK(zdnn_free_ztensor_buffer(&ctx->buffers[i]->ztensor));
+        }
+    }
+
+    delete ctx;
+}
+
+static void * ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
+    return ctx->all_data;
+}
+
+static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_init_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+    if (tensor->view_src != NULL) {
+        assert(tensor->view_src->buffer->buft == buffer->buft);
+        return GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
+
+    const int64_t tsize = ggml_nbytes(tensor);
+    int buffer_idx = ctx->n_buffers;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer> zdnn_buffer = std::make_unique<ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer>();
+    zdnn_buffer->data = tensor->data;
+    zdnn_buffer->size = tsize;
+    strncpy(zdnn_buffer->name, tensor->name, GGML_MAX_NAME - 1);
+
+    ggml_zdnn_init_tensor(zdnn_buffer.get(), tensor);
+    tensor->extra = zdnn_buffer.get();
+
+    ctx->buffers.push_back(std::move(zdnn_buffer));
+    ctx->n_buffers++;
+
+    // GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: initialised tensor '%s' in buffer %d, size = %8.2f MiB\n",
+    //               __func__, tensor->name, buffer_idx, tsize);
+
+    return GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_memset_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor * tensor, uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t size) {
+    memset((char *)tensor->data + offset, value, size);
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
+    memcpy((char *)tensor->data + offset, data, size);
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
+    memcpy(data, (const char *)tensor->data + offset, size);
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
+
+    memset(ctx->all_data, value, ctx->all_size);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_i ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_i = {
+    /* .free_buffer   = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_free_buffer,
+    /* .get_base      = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_get_base,
+    /* .init_tensor   = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_init_tensor,
+    /* .memset_tensor = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_memset_tensor,
+    /* .set_tensor    = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_set_tensor,
+    /* .get_tensor    = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_get_tensor,
+    /* .cpy_tensor    = */ NULL,
+    /* .clear         = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_clear,
+    /* .reset         = */ NULL,
+};
+
+//
+// default buffer type
+//
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    return GGML_ZDNN_NAME;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context * ctx = new ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context();
+
+    const size_t size_page = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+
+    size_t size_aligned = size;
+    if ((size_aligned % size_page) != 0) {
+        size_aligned += size_page - (size_aligned % size_page);
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx_dev = (ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context *)buft->device->context;
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(ctx_dev->zdnn_device >= 0);
+    int device = ctx_dev->zdnn_device; GGML_UNUSED(device);
+
+    ctx->all_data  = ggml_aligned_malloc(size_aligned);
+    ctx->all_size  = size_aligned;
+    ctx->owned     = true;
+    ctx->n_buffers = 1;
+
+    if (ctx->all_data != NULL) {
+        std::unique_ptr<ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer> zdnn_buffer = std::make_unique<ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer>();
+        zdnn_buffer->data = ctx->all_data;
+        zdnn_buffer->size = size_aligned;
+        ctx->buffers.push_back(std::move(zdnn_buffer));
+    }
+
+    if (size_aligned > 0 && (ctx->all_data == NULL)) {
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: failed to allocate buffer, size = %8.2f\n",
+                       __func__, size_aligned / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
+        delete ctx;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return ggml_backend_buffer_init(buft, ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_i, ctx, size);
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    return 256;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
+}
+
+static bool ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_is_host(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    return true;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
+}
+
+ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type(void) {
+    static ggml_backend_buffer_type ggml_backend_buffer_type_zdnn = {
+        /* .iface   = */ {
+            /* .get_name       = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_get_name,
+            /* .alloc_buffer   = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_alloc_buffer,
+            /* .get_alignment  = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_get_alignment,
+            /* .get_max_size   = */ NULL,
+            /* .get_alloc_size = */ NULL,  // defaults to ggml_nbytes
+            /* .is_host        = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_is_host,
+        },
+        /* .device  = */ &g_ggml_backend_zdnn_device,
+        /* .context = */ NULL,
+    };
+
+    return &ggml_backend_buffer_type_zdnn;
+}
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_from_ptr_type_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    return GGML_ZDNN_NAME "_Mapped";
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_from_ptr_type(void) {
+    static ggml_backend_buffer_type ggml_backend_buffer_from_ptr_type_zdnn = {
+        /* .iface = */ {
+            /* .get_name       = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_from_ptr_type_get_name,
+            /* .alloc_buffer   = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_alloc_buffer,
+            /* .get_alignment  = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_get_alignment,
+            /* .get_max_size   = */ NULL,
+            /* .get_alloc_size = */ NULL,  // defaults to ggml_nbytes
+            /* .is_host        = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_is_host,
+        },
+        /* .device  = */ &g_ggml_backend_zdnn_device,
+        /* .context = */ NULL,
+    };
+
+    return &ggml_backend_buffer_from_ptr_type_zdnn;
+}
+
+//
+// backend
+//
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_zdnn_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+    return GGML_ZDNN_NAME;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_zdnn_context *)backend->context;
+
+    ggml_zdnn_free(ctx);
+    free(backend);
+}
+
+static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_zdnn_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+    return ggml_zdnn_graph_compute(backend, cgraph);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_zdnn_i = {
+    /* .get_name           = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_name,
+    /* .free               = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_free,
+    /* .set_tensor_async   = */ NULL,
+    /* .get_tensor_async   = */ NULL,
+    /* .cpy_tensor_async   = */ NULL,
+    /* .synchronize        = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_create  = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_free    = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_update  = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_compute = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_compute      = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_graph_compute,
+    /* .event_record       = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_wait         = */ NULL,
+};
+
+static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_zdnn_guid(void) {
+    static const char * guid_str = "IBM-ZDNN-ACCELER";
+    return reinterpret_cast<ggml_guid_t>((void *)guid_str);
+}
+
+// TODO: remove in the future
+ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_zdnn_init(void) {
+    ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_reg_dev_get(ggml_backend_zdnn_reg(), 0);
+
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx = ggml_zdnn_init(dev);
+    if (ctx == NULL) {
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: failed to allocate context\n", __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_t backend = (ggml_backend_t)malloc(sizeof(ggml_backend));
+    *backend = (ggml_backend) {
+        /* .guid       = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_guid(),
+        /* .iface      = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_i,
+        /* .device     = */ dev,
+        /* .context    = */ ctx,
+    };
+
+    return backend;
+}
+
+bool ggml_backend_is_zdnn(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+    return backend != NULL &&
+           ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_zdnn_guid());
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
+}
+
+//
+// backend device
+//
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_name(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    return GGML_ZDNN_NAME;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+}
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_description(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    return "IBM Z Neural Network Processing Assist (NNPA)";
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_memory(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
+    *free  = 0;
+    *total = 0;
+}
+
+static enum ggml_backend_dev_type ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    return GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_ACCEL;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_props(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_dev_props * props) {
+    props->name        = ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_name(dev);
+    props->description = ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_description(dev);
+    props->type        = ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_type(dev);
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_memory(dev, &props->memory_free, &props->memory_total);
+    props->caps = (ggml_backend_dev_caps) {
+        /* .async                = */ false,
+        /* .host_buffer          = */ false,
+        /* .buffer_from_host_ptr = */ true,
+        /* .events               = */ false,
+    };
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_zdnn_device_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const char * params) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_context * ctx = ggml_zdnn_init(dev);
+    if (ctx == NULL) {
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: failed to allocate context\n", __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_t backend = (ggml_backend *)malloc(sizeof(ggml_backend));
+    *backend = (ggml_backend) {
+        /* .guid       = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_guid(),
+        /* .iface      = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_i,
+        /* .device     = */ dev,
+        /* .context    = */ ctx,
+    };
+
+    return backend;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(params);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    return ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type();
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_zdnn_device_buffer_from_ptr(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, void * ptr, size_t size, size_t max_tensor_size) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context * ctx = new ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_context();
+
+    ctx->all_data  = ptr;
+    ctx->all_size  = size;
+    ctx->owned     = false;
+    ctx->n_buffers = 0;
+
+    const size_t size_page = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+
+    // page-align the data ptr
+    {
+        const uintptr_t offs = (uintptr_t) ptr % size_page;
+        ptr  = (void *)((char *)ptr - offs);
+        size += offs;
+    }
+
+    size_t size_aligned = size;
+    if ((size_aligned % size_page) != 0) {
+        size_aligned += size_page - (size_aligned % size_page);
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx_dev = (ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context *)dev->context;
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(ctx_dev->zdnn_device >= 0);
+    int device = ctx_dev->zdnn_device; GGML_UNUSED(device);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer> zdnn_buffer = std::make_unique<ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer>();
+    zdnn_buffer->data = ptr;
+    zdnn_buffer->size = size;
+    ctx->buffers.push_back(std::move(zdnn_buffer));
+
+    GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: allocated buffer, size = %8.2f MiB\n",
+                  __func__, size_aligned / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
+
+    ++ctx->n_buffers;
+
+    return ggml_backend_buffer_init(ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_from_ptr_type(), ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_i, ctx, size);
+}
+
+static bool ggml_backend_zdnn_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const ggml_tensor * op) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context * ctx_dev = (ggml_backend_zdnn_device_context *) dev->context;
+
+    return ggml_zdnn_supports_op(ctx_dev, op);
+}
+
+static bool ggml_backend_zdnn_device_supports_buft(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    return
+        buft->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_type_get_name ||
+        buft->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_zdnn_buffer_from_ptr_type_get_name;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_zdnn_device_i = {
+    /* .get_name             = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_name,
+    /* .get_description      = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_description,
+    /* .get_memory           = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_memory,
+    /* .get_type             = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_type,
+    /* .get_props            = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_props,
+    /* .init_backend         = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_init,
+    /* .get_buffer_type      = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_get_buffer_type,
+    /* .get_host_buffer_type = */ NULL,
+    /* .buffer_from_host_ptr = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_buffer_from_ptr,
+    /* .supports_op          = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_supports_op,
+    /* .supports_buft        = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_supports_buft,
+    /* .offload_op           = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_new            = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_free           = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_synchronize    = */ NULL,
+};
+
+//
+// backend registry
+//
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_get_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
+    return GGML_ZDNN_NAME;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_device_count(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
+    if (!zdnn_is_nnpa_installed()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_device_get(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, size_t index) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(index == 0);
+
+    return &g_ggml_backend_zdnn_device;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
+    GGML_UNUSED(index);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_feature g_ggml_backend_zdnn_features[] = {
+    { "NNPA", zdnn_is_nnpa_installed() ? "1" : "0" },
+    { "NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_0", zdnn_is_nnpa_parmblk_fmt_installed(1, NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_0) ? "1" : "0" },
+    { "NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_1", zdnn_is_nnpa_parmblk_fmt_installed(1, NNPA_PARMBLKFORMAT_1) ? "1" : "0" },
+    { NULL, NULL },
+};
+
+static ggml_backend_feature * ggml_backend_zdnn_get_features(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
+    return g_ggml_backend_zdnn_features;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
+}
+
+static void * ggml_backend_zdnn_get_proc_address(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, const char * name) {
+    if (strcmp(name, "ggml_backend_get_features") == 0) {
+        return (void *) ggml_backend_zdnn_get_features;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_reg_i ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_i = {
+    /* .get_name         = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_get_name,
+    /* .get_device_count = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_device_count,
+    /* .get_device       = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_device_get,
+    /* .get_proc_address = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_get_proc_address,
+};
+
+static void ggml_zdnn_cleanup(void) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_rel(&g_ggml_ctx_dev_main);
+}
+
+// TODO: make thread-safe
+ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_zdnn_reg(void) {
+    ggml_backend_zdnn_device_acq(&g_ggml_ctx_dev_main);
+
+    // register cleanup callback
+    atexit(ggml_zdnn_cleanup);
+
+    {
+        g_ggml_backend_zdnn_reg = (ggml_backend_reg) {
+            /* .api_version = */ GGML_ZDNN_VERSION,
+            /* .iface       = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_reg_i,
+            /* .context     = */ NULL,
+        };
+
+        g_ggml_backend_zdnn_device = (ggml_backend_device) {
+            /* .iface       = */ ggml_backend_zdnn_device_i,
+            /* .reg         = */ &g_ggml_backend_zdnn_reg,
+            /* .context     = */ &g_ggml_ctx_dev_main,
+        };
+
+        return &g_ggml_backend_zdnn_reg;
+    }
+}
+
+GGML_BACKEND_DL_IMPL(ggml_backend_zdnn_reg)