sqlpp11/docs/NULL.md

Introduction

Database NULL is a strange beast. It can be compared to anything but that comparison never returns true. It also never returns false, it returns NULL. Even

NULL != NULL    -> NULL
NULL = NULL     -> NULL

A value like that would be pretty unusual in C++. Especially since fields in a result could be either a decent value or NULL. And this can change from result row to result row.

Also, in where or having conditions, you have to change the expression (not just parameters) if you want to NULL instead of a value:

a = 7
a IS NULL

Obtaining potential NULL values from a select

sqlpp11 can determine whether a result field can be null, based on the columns involved and the structure of your query. If in doubt (for instance due to dynamic parts), it will assume that a field can be NULL.

You can check if a field is NULL by calling the is_null() method. That's easy.

When it comes to accessing the value, there are two options, though. These can be controlled by the connection class and the columns of your tables.

Option 1: No conversion operator

class connection: public sqlpp::connection
{
  public:
    using _traits = ::sqlpp::make_traits<::sqlpp::no_value_t, 
             ::sqlpp::tag::enforce_null_result_treatment
           >;

If this tag is used in the connection's traits and the respective column does not override it, then there is no conversion operator for fields that can be NULL. You have to access the value through the value() method. If the field is NULL, this method will throw an sqlpp::exception.

Option 2: Conversion operator, converting NULL to trivial value

If the tag::enforce_null_result_treatment is not used in the connection class or the respective column uses tag::enforce_null_result_treatment, then there is a conversion operator. Both the conversion operator and the value() method will not throw in case of a NULL value. Instead, the will return the trivial value for the field's type, e.g. 0 for numbers or "" for texts.

Alternatives:

One often discussed alternative would be boost::optional or (in the future) std::optional. There is one drawbacks (correct me if I am wrong, please):

optional cannot be used for binding result values because it is unclear whether there already is a value to bind to.

Handling NULL in statements

When adding potential NULL values to a statement, you have two options:

Manually

auto s = dynamic_select(db, all_of(tab)).from(tab).dynamic_where();
if (i_do_have_a_decent_value_of_alpha)
  s.add_where(tab.alpha == alpha);
else
  s.add_where(tab.alpha.is_null());

tvin()

tvin() is a free function that can be used with std::string and build-in types like int or float or bool. tvin stands for Trivial Value Is NULL. It is used in combination with operator==(), operator!=() and operator=(). These operators will behave the way they should, e.g.

select(all_of(tab)).from(tab).where(tab.alpha == sqlpp::tvin(a));

This will evaluate to

SELECT tab.* FROM tab WHERE alpha = 7;
-- OR
SELECT tab.* FROM tab WHERE alpha IS NULL;

Similar with insert:

insert_into(tab).set(tab.alpha = sqlpp::tvin(a));

This will evaluate to

INSERT INTO tab (alpha) VALUES(7);
-- OR
INSERT INTO tab (alpha) VALUES(NULL);

Using Column Type

Like to accessing values in select results, setting values can be controlled via the column type:

struct Alpha
{
  struct _name_t;
  using _traits = sqlpp::make_traits<sqlpp::bigint, 
     // ...
     sqlpp::tag::trivial_value_is_null>;
};

With this tag, you do not need to use tvin() for operators =, ==, !=. It is used automatically. It translates operator ! into IS NULL.

Hint: Please be aware that trivial_value_is_null will not work with parameters in prepared statements.