diff --git a/src/commands/doctor.e2e-harness.ts b/src/commands/doctor.e2e-harness.ts
index 8b60b65af2..62de3c7ca3 100644
--- a/src/commands/doctor.e2e-harness.ts
+++ b/src/commands/doctor.e2e-harness.ts
@@ -19,25 +19,28 @@ function setStdinTty(value: boolean | undefined) {
   }
 }
 
-export const readConfigFileSnapshot = vi.fn();
-export const confirm = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(true);
-export const select = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue("node");
-export const note = vi.fn();
-export const writeConfigFile = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-export const resolveOpenClawPackageRoot = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(null);
-export const runGatewayUpdate = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+export const readConfigFileSnapshot: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn();
+export const confirm: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(true);
+export const select: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue("node");
+export const note: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn();
+export const writeConfigFile: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+export const resolveOpenClawPackageRoot: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(null);
+export const runGatewayUpdate: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
   status: "skipped",
   mode: "unknown",
   steps: [],
   durationMs: 0,
 });
-export const migrateLegacyConfig = vi.fn((raw: unknown) => ({
+export const migrateLegacyConfig: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn((raw: unknown) => ({
   config: raw as Record<string, unknown>,
   changes: ["Moved routing.allowFrom → channels.whatsapp.allowFrom."],
 }));
 
-export const runExec = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ stdout: "", stderr: "" });
-export const runCommandWithTimeout = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+export const runExec: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+  stdout: "",
+  stderr: "",
+});
+export const runCommandWithTimeout: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
   stdout: "",
   stderr: "",
   code: 0,
@@ -45,9 +48,11 @@ export const runCommandWithTimeout = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
   killed: false,
 });
 
-export const ensureAuthProfileStore = vi.fn().mockReturnValue({ version: 1, profiles: {} });
+export const ensureAuthProfileStore: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi
+  .fn()
+  .mockReturnValue({ version: 1, profiles: {} });
 
-export const legacyReadConfigFileSnapshot = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+export const legacyReadConfigFileSnapshot: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
   path: "/tmp/openclaw.json",
   exists: false,
   raw: null,
@@ -57,23 +62,29 @@ export const legacyReadConfigFileSnapshot = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
   issues: [],
   legacyIssues: [],
 });
-export const createConfigIO = vi.fn(() => ({
+export const createConfigIO: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn(() => ({
   readConfigFileSnapshot: legacyReadConfigFileSnapshot,
 }));
 
-export const findLegacyGatewayServices = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
-export const uninstallLegacyGatewayServices = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
-export const findExtraGatewayServices = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
-export const renderGatewayServiceCleanupHints = vi.fn().mockReturnValue(["cleanup"]);
-export const resolveGatewayProgramArguments = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+export const findLegacyGatewayServices: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
+export const uninstallLegacyGatewayServices: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi
+  .fn()
+  .mockResolvedValue([]);
+export const findExtraGatewayServices: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue([]);
+export const renderGatewayServiceCleanupHints: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi
+  .fn()
+  .mockReturnValue(["cleanup"]);
+export const resolveGatewayProgramArguments: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
   programArguments: ["node", "cli", "gateway", "--port", "18789"],
 });
-export const serviceInstall = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-export const serviceIsLoaded = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(false);
-export const serviceStop = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-export const serviceRestart = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-export const serviceUninstall = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-export const callGateway = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error("gateway closed"));
+export const serviceInstall: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+export const serviceIsLoaded: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(false);
+export const serviceStop: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+export const serviceRestart: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+export const serviceUninstall: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+export const callGateway: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> = vi
+  .fn()
+  .mockRejectedValue(new Error("gateway closed"));
 
 vi.mock("@clack/prompts", () => ({
   confirm,
diff --git a/src/telegram/bot.create-telegram-bot.test-harness.ts b/src/telegram/bot.create-telegram-bot.test-harness.ts
index 4643f46577..6201d4cb90 100644
--- a/src/telegram/bot.create-telegram-bot.test-harness.ts
+++ b/src/telegram/bot.create-telegram-bot.test-harness.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
-import { beforeEach, vi } from "vitest";
+import { beforeEach, vi, type Mock } from "vitest";
 import { resetInboundDedupe } from "../auto-reply/reply/inbound-dedupe.js";
 
+type AnyMock = Mock<(...args: unknown[]) => unknown>;
+type AnyAsyncMock = Mock<(...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>>;
+type ReplyOpts =
+  | {
+      onReplyStart?: () => void | Promise<void>;
+    }
+  | undefined;
+
 const { sessionStorePath } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   sessionStorePath: `/tmp/openclaw-telegram-${Math.random().toString(16).slice(2)}.json`,
 }));
 
-const { loadWebMedia } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+const { loadWebMedia } = vi.hoisted((): { loadWebMedia: AnyMock } => ({
   loadWebMedia: vi.fn(),
 }));
 
-export function getLoadWebMediaMock() {
+export function getLoadWebMediaMock(): AnyMock {
   return loadWebMedia;
 }
 
@@ -17,11 +25,11 @@ vi.mock("../web/media.js", () => ({
   loadWebMedia,
 }));
 
-const { loadConfig } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+const { loadConfig } = vi.hoisted((): { loadConfig: AnyMock } => ({
   loadConfig: vi.fn(() => ({})),
 }));
 
-export function getLoadConfigMock() {
+export function getLoadConfigMock(): AnyMock {
   return loadConfig;
 }
 vi.mock("../config/config.js", async (importOriginal) => {
@@ -40,19 +48,24 @@ vi.mock("../config/sessions.js", async (importOriginal) => {
   };
 });
 
-const { readChannelAllowFromStore, upsertChannelPairingRequest } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
-  readChannelAllowFromStore: vi.fn(async () => [] as string[]),
-  upsertChannelPairingRequest: vi.fn(async () => ({
-    code: "PAIRCODE",
-    created: true,
-  })),
-}));
+const { readChannelAllowFromStore, upsertChannelPairingRequest } = vi.hoisted(
+  (): {
+    readChannelAllowFromStore: AnyAsyncMock;
+    upsertChannelPairingRequest: AnyAsyncMock;
+  } => ({
+    readChannelAllowFromStore: vi.fn(async () => [] as string[]),
+    upsertChannelPairingRequest: vi.fn(async () => ({
+      code: "PAIRCODE",
+      created: true,
+    })),
+  }),
+);
 
-export function getReadChannelAllowFromStoreMock() {
+export function getReadChannelAllowFromStoreMock(): AnyAsyncMock {
   return readChannelAllowFromStore;
 }
 
-export function getUpsertChannelPairingRequestMock() {
+export function getUpsertChannelPairingRequestMock(): AnyAsyncMock {
   return upsertChannelPairingRequest;
 }
 
@@ -61,24 +74,24 @@ vi.mock("../pairing/pairing-store.js", () => ({
   upsertChannelPairingRequest,
 }));
 
-export const useSpy = vi.fn();
-export const middlewareUseSpy = vi.fn();
-export const onSpy = vi.fn();
-export const stopSpy = vi.fn();
-export const commandSpy = vi.fn();
-export const botCtorSpy = vi.fn();
-export const answerCallbackQuerySpy = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
-export const sendChatActionSpy = vi.fn();
-export const setMessageReactionSpy = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
-export const setMyCommandsSpy = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
-export const deleteMyCommandsSpy = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
-export const getMeSpy = vi.fn(async () => ({
+export const useSpy: Mock<(arg: unknown) => void> = vi.fn();
+export const middlewareUseSpy: Mock<(...args: unknown[]) => unknown> = vi.fn();
+export const onSpy: Mock<(...args: unknown[]) => unknown> = vi.fn();
+export const stopSpy: Mock<(...args: unknown[]) => unknown> = vi.fn();
+export const commandSpy: Mock<(...args: unknown[]) => unknown> = vi.fn();
+export const botCtorSpy: Mock<(...args: unknown[]) => unknown> = vi.fn();
+export const answerCallbackQuerySpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
+export const sendChatActionSpy: AnyMock = vi.fn();
+export const setMessageReactionSpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
+export const setMyCommandsSpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
+export const deleteMyCommandsSpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
+export const getMeSpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => ({
   username: "openclaw_bot",
   has_topics_enabled: true,
 }));
-export const sendMessageSpy = vi.fn(async () => ({ message_id: 77 }));
-export const sendAnimationSpy = vi.fn(async () => ({ message_id: 78 }));
-export const sendPhotoSpy = vi.fn(async () => ({ message_id: 79 }));
+export const sendMessageSpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => ({ message_id: 77 }));
+export const sendAnimationSpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => ({ message_id: 78 }));
+export const sendPhotoSpy: AnyAsyncMock = vi.fn(async () => ({ message_id: 79 }));
 
 type ApiStub = {
   config: { use: (arg: unknown) => void };
@@ -126,7 +139,7 @@ vi.mock("grammy", () => ({
 }));
 
 const sequentializeMiddleware = vi.fn();
-export const sequentializeSpy = vi.fn(() => sequentializeMiddleware);
+export const sequentializeSpy: AnyMock = vi.fn(() => sequentializeMiddleware);
 export let sequentializeKey: ((ctx: unknown) => string) | undefined;
 vi.mock("@grammyjs/runner", () => ({
   sequentialize: (keyFn: (ctx: unknown) => string) => {
@@ -135,16 +148,18 @@ vi.mock("@grammyjs/runner", () => ({
   },
 }));
 
-export const throttlerSpy = vi.fn(() => "throttler");
+export const throttlerSpy: AnyMock = vi.fn(() => "throttler");
 
 vi.mock("@grammyjs/transformer-throttler", () => ({
   apiThrottler: () => throttlerSpy(),
 }));
 
-export const replySpy = vi.fn(async (_ctx, opts) => {
-  await opts?.onReplyStart?.();
-  return undefined;
-});
+export const replySpy: Mock<(ctx: unknown, opts?: ReplyOpts) => Promise<void>> = vi.fn(
+  async (_ctx, opts) => {
+    await opts?.onReplyStart?.();
+    return undefined;
+  },
+);
 
 vi.mock("../auto-reply/reply.js", () => ({
   getReplyFromConfig: replySpy,