leveldb/util/env_posix.cc

// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <atomic>
#include <cstring>
#include <deque>
#include <limits>
#include <set>

#include "leveldb/env.h"
#include "leveldb/slice.h"
#include "port/port.h"
#include "port/thread_annotations.h"
#include "util/logging.h"
#include "util/mutexlock.h"
#include "util/posix_logger.h"
#include "util/env_posix_test_helper.h"

// HAVE_FDATASYNC is defined in the auto-generated port_config.h, which is
// included by port_stdcxx.h.
#if !HAVE_FDATASYNC
#define fdatasync fsync
#endif  // !HAVE_FDATASYNC

namespace leveldb {

namespace {

static int open_read_only_file_limit = -1;
static int mmap_limit = -1;

constexpr const size_t kWritableFileBufferSize = 65536;

static Status PosixError(const std::string& context, int err_number) {
  if (err_number == ENOENT) {
    return Status::NotFound(context, strerror(err_number));
  } else {
    return Status::IOError(context, strerror(err_number));
  }
}

// Helper class to limit resource usage to avoid exhaustion.
// Currently used to limit read-only file descriptors and mmap file usage
// so that we do not run out of file descriptors or virtual memory, or run into
// kernel performance problems for very large databases.
class Limiter {
 public:
  // Limit maximum number of resources to |max_acquires|.
  Limiter(int max_acquires) : acquires_allowed_(max_acquires) {}

  Limiter(const Limiter&) = delete;
  Limiter operator=(const Limiter&) = delete;

  // If another resource is available, acquire it and return true.
  // Else return false.
  bool Acquire() {
    int old_acquires_allowed =
        acquires_allowed_.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);

    if (old_acquires_allowed > 0)
      return true;

    acquires_allowed_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
    return false;
  }

  // Release a resource acquired by a previous call to Acquire() that returned
  // true.
  void Release() {
    acquires_allowed_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  }

 private:
  // The number of available resources.
  //
  // This is a counter and is not tied to the invariants of any other class, so
  // it can be operated on safely using std::memory_order_relaxed.
  std::atomic<int> acquires_allowed_;
};

class PosixSequentialFile: public SequentialFile {
 private:
  std::string filename_;
  int fd_;

 public:
  PosixSequentialFile(const std::string& fname, int fd)
      : filename_(fname), fd_(fd) {}
  virtual ~PosixSequentialFile() { close(fd_); }

  virtual Status Read(size_t n, Slice* result, char* scratch) {
    Status s;
    while (true) {
      ssize_t r = read(fd_, scratch, n);
      if (r < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR) {
          continue;  // Retry
        }
        s = PosixError(filename_, errno);
        break;
      }
      *result = Slice(scratch, r);
      break;
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status Skip(uint64_t n) {
    if (lseek(fd_, n, SEEK_CUR) == static_cast<off_t>(-1)) {
      return PosixError(filename_, errno);
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

// pread() based random-access
class PosixRandomAccessFile: public RandomAccessFile {
 private:
  std::string filename_;
  bool temporary_fd_;  // If true, fd_ is -1 and we open on every read.
  int fd_;
  Limiter* limiter_;

 public:
  PosixRandomAccessFile(const std::string& fname, int fd, Limiter* limiter)
      : filename_(fname), fd_(fd), limiter_(limiter) {
    temporary_fd_ = !limiter->Acquire();
    if (temporary_fd_) {
      // Open file on every access.
      close(fd_);
      fd_ = -1;
    }
  }

  virtual ~PosixRandomAccessFile() {
    if (!temporary_fd_) {
      close(fd_);
      limiter_->Release();
    }
  }

  virtual Status Read(uint64_t offset, size_t n, Slice* result,
                      char* scratch) const {
    int fd = fd_;
    if (temporary_fd_) {
      fd = open(filename_.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
      if (fd < 0) {
        return PosixError(filename_, errno);
      }
    }

    Status s;
    ssize_t r = pread(fd, scratch, n, static_cast<off_t>(offset));
    *result = Slice(scratch, (r < 0) ? 0 : r);
    if (r < 0) {
      // An error: return a non-ok status
      s = PosixError(filename_, errno);
    }
    if (temporary_fd_) {
      // Close the temporary file descriptor opened earlier.
      close(fd);
    }
    return s;
  }
};

// mmap() based random-access
class PosixMmapReadableFile: public RandomAccessFile {
 private:
  std::string filename_;
  void* mmapped_region_;
  size_t length_;
  Limiter* limiter_;

 public:
  // base[0,length-1] contains the mmapped contents of the file.
  PosixMmapReadableFile(const std::string& fname, void* base, size_t length,
                        Limiter* limiter)
      : filename_(fname), mmapped_region_(base), length_(length),
        limiter_(limiter) {
  }

  virtual ~PosixMmapReadableFile() {
    munmap(mmapped_region_, length_);
    limiter_->Release();
  }

  virtual Status Read(uint64_t offset, size_t n, Slice* result,
                      char* scratch) const {
    Status s;
    if (offset + n > length_) {
      *result = Slice();
      s = PosixError(filename_, EINVAL);
    } else {
      *result = Slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(mmapped_region_) + offset, n);
    }
    return s;
  }
};

class PosixWritableFile final : public WritableFile {
 public:
  PosixWritableFile(std::string filename, int fd)
      : pos_(0), fd_(fd), is_manifest_(IsManifest(filename)),
        filename_(std::move(filename)), dirname_(Dirname(filename_)) {}

  ~PosixWritableFile() override {
    if (fd_ >= 0) {
      // Ignoring any potential errors
      Close();
    }
  }

  Status Append(const Slice& data) override {
    size_t write_size = data.size();
    const char* write_data = data.data();

    // Fit as much as possible into buffer.
    size_t copy_size = std::min(write_size, kWritableFileBufferSize - pos_);
    std::memcpy(buf_ + pos_, write_data, copy_size);
    write_data += copy_size;
    write_size -= copy_size;
    pos_ += copy_size;
    if (write_size == 0) {
      return Status::OK();
    }

    // Can't fit in buffer, so need to do at least one write.
    Status status = FlushBuffer();
    if (!status.ok()) {
      return status;
    }

    // Small writes go to buffer, large writes are written directly.
    if (write_size < kWritableFileBufferSize) {
      std::memcpy(buf_, write_data, write_size);
      pos_ = write_size;
      return Status::OK();
    }
    return WriteUnbuffered(write_data, write_size);
  }

  Status Close() override {
    Status status = FlushBuffer();
    const int close_result = ::close(fd_);
    if (close_result < 0 && status.ok()) {
      status = PosixError(filename_, errno);
    }
    fd_ = -1;
    return status;
  }

  Status Flush() override {
    return FlushBuffer();
  }

  Status Sync() override {
    // Ensure new files referred to by the manifest are in the filesystem.
    //
    // This needs to happen before the manifest file is flushed to disk, to
    // avoid crashing in a state where the manifest refers to files that are not
    // yet on disk.
    Status status = SyncDirIfManifest();
    if (!status.ok()) {
      return status;
    }

    status = FlushBuffer();
    if (status.ok() && ::fdatasync(fd_) != 0) {
      status = PosixError(filename_, errno);
    }
    return status;
  }

 private:
  Status FlushBuffer() {
    Status status = WriteUnbuffered(buf_, pos_);
    pos_ = 0;
    return status;
  }

  Status WriteUnbuffered(const char* data, size_t size) {
    while (size > 0) {
      ssize_t write_result = ::write(fd_, data, size);
      if (write_result < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR) {
          continue;  // Retry
        }
        return PosixError(filename_, errno);
      }
      data += write_result;
      size -= write_result;
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status SyncDirIfManifest() {
    Status status;
    if (!is_manifest_) {
      return status;
    }

    int fd = ::open(dirname_.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0) {
      status = PosixError(dirname_, errno);
    } else {
      if (::fsync(fd) < 0) {
        status = PosixError(dirname_, errno);
      }
      ::close(fd);
    }
    return status;
  }

  // Returns the directory name in a path pointing to a file.
  //
  // Returns "." if the path does not contain any directory separator.
  static std::string Dirname(const std::string& filename) {
    std::string::size_type separator_pos = filename.rfind('/');
    if (separator_pos == std::string::npos) {
      return std::string(".");
    }
    // The filename component should not contain a path separator. If it does,
    // the splitting was done incorrectly.
    assert(filename.find('/', separator_pos + 1) == std::string::npos);

    return filename.substr(0, separator_pos);
  }

  // Extracts the file name from a path pointing to a file.
  //
  // The returned Slice points to |filename|'s data buffer, so it is only valid
  // while |filename| is alive and unchanged.
  static Slice Basename(const std::string& filename) {
    std::string::size_type separator_pos = filename.rfind('/');
    if (separator_pos == std::string::npos) {
      return Slice(filename);
    }
    // The filename component should not contain a path separator. If it does,
    // the splitting was done incorrectly.
    assert(filename.find('/', separator_pos + 1) == std::string::npos);

    return Slice(filename.data() + separator_pos + 1,
                 filename.length() - separator_pos - 1);
  }

  // True if the given file is a manifest file.
  static bool IsManifest(const std::string& filename) {
    return Basename(filename).starts_with("MANIFEST");
  }

  // buf_[0, pos_ - 1] contains data to be written to fd_.
  char buf_[kWritableFileBufferSize];
  size_t pos_;
  int fd_;

  const bool is_manifest_;  // True if the file's name starts with MANIFEST.
  const std::string filename_;
  const std::string dirname_;  // The directory of filename_.
};

static int LockOrUnlock(int fd, bool lock) {
  errno = 0;
  struct flock f;
  memset(&f, 0, sizeof(f));
  f.l_type = (lock ? F_WRLCK : F_UNLCK);
  f.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
  f.l_start = 0;
  f.l_len = 0;        // Lock/unlock entire file
  return fcntl(fd, F_SETLK, &f);
}

class PosixFileLock : public FileLock {
 public:
  int fd_;
  std::string name_;
};

// Set of locked files.  We keep a separate set instead of just
// relying on fcntrl(F_SETLK) since fcntl(F_SETLK) does not provide
// any protection against multiple uses from the same process.
class PosixLockTable {
 private:
  port::Mutex mu_;
  std::set<std::string> locked_files_ GUARDED_BY(mu_);
 public:
  bool Insert(const std::string& fname) LOCKS_EXCLUDED(mu_) {
    MutexLock l(&mu_);
    return locked_files_.insert(fname).second;
  }
  void Remove(const std::string& fname) LOCKS_EXCLUDED(mu_) {
    MutexLock l(&mu_);
    locked_files_.erase(fname);
  }
};

class PosixEnv : public Env {
 public:
  PosixEnv();
  virtual ~PosixEnv() {
    char msg[] = "Destroying Env::Default()\n";
    fwrite(msg, 1, sizeof(msg), stderr);
    abort();
  }

  virtual Status NewSequentialFile(const std::string& fname,
                                   SequentialFile** result) {
    int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0) {
      *result = nullptr;
      return PosixError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixSequentialFile(fname, fd);
      return Status::OK();
    }
  }

  virtual Status NewRandomAccessFile(const std::string& fname,
                                     RandomAccessFile** result) {
    *result = nullptr;
    Status s;
    int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0) {
      s = PosixError(fname, errno);
    } else if (mmap_limit_.Acquire()) {
      uint64_t size;
      s = GetFileSize(fname, &size);
      if (s.ok()) {
        void* base = mmap(nullptr, size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
        if (base != MAP_FAILED) {
          *result = new PosixMmapReadableFile(fname, base, size, &mmap_limit_);
        } else {
          s = PosixError(fname, errno);
        }
      }
      close(fd);
      if (!s.ok()) {
        mmap_limit_.Release();
      }
    } else {
      *result = new PosixRandomAccessFile(fname, fd, &fd_limit_);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status NewWritableFile(const std::string& fname,
                                 WritableFile** result) {
    Status s;
    int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0644);
    if (fd < 0) {
      *result = nullptr;
      s = PosixError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixWritableFile(fname, fd);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status NewAppendableFile(const std::string& fname,
                                   WritableFile** result) {
    Status s;
    int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_APPEND | O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0644);
    if (fd < 0) {
      *result = nullptr;
      s = PosixError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixWritableFile(fname, fd);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual bool FileExists(const std::string& fname) {
    return access(fname.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
  }

  virtual Status GetChildren(const std::string& dir,
                             std::vector<std::string>* result) {
    result->clear();
    DIR* d = opendir(dir.c_str());
    if (d == nullptr) {
      return PosixError(dir, errno);
    }
    struct dirent* entry;
    while ((entry = readdir(d)) != nullptr) {
      result->push_back(entry->d_name);
    }
    closedir(d);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  virtual Status DeleteFile(const std::string& fname) {
    Status result;
    if (unlink(fname.c_str()) != 0) {
      result = PosixError(fname, errno);
    }
    return result;
  }

  virtual Status CreateDir(const std::string& name) {
    Status result;
    if (mkdir(name.c_str(), 0755) != 0) {
      result = PosixError(name, errno);
    }
    return result;
  }

  virtual Status DeleteDir(const std::string& name) {
    Status result;
    if (rmdir(name.c_str()) != 0) {
      result = PosixError(name, errno);
    }
    return result;
  }

  virtual Status GetFileSize(const std::string& fname, uint64_t* size) {
    Status s;
    struct stat sbuf;
    if (stat(fname.c_str(), &sbuf) != 0) {
      *size = 0;
      s = PosixError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *size = sbuf.st_size;
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status RenameFile(const std::string& src, const std::string& target) {
    Status result;
    if (rename(src.c_str(), target.c_str()) != 0) {
      result = PosixError(src, errno);
    }
    return result;
  }

  virtual Status LockFile(const std::string& fname, FileLock** lock) {
    *lock = nullptr;
    Status result;
    int fd = open(fname.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0644);
    if (fd < 0) {
      result = PosixError(fname, errno);
    } else if (!locks_.Insert(fname)) {
      close(fd);
      result = Status::IOError("lock " + fname, "already held by process");
    } else if (LockOrUnlock(fd, true) == -1) {
      result = PosixError("lock " + fname, errno);
      close(fd);
      locks_.Remove(fname);
    } else {
      PosixFileLock* my_lock = new PosixFileLock;
      my_lock->fd_ = fd;
      my_lock->name_ = fname;
      *lock = my_lock;
    }
    return result;
  }

  virtual Status UnlockFile(FileLock* lock) {
    PosixFileLock* my_lock = reinterpret_cast<PosixFileLock*>(lock);
    Status result;
    if (LockOrUnlock(my_lock->fd_, false) == -1) {
      result = PosixError("unlock", errno);
    }
    locks_.Remove(my_lock->name_);
    close(my_lock->fd_);
    delete my_lock;
    return result;
  }

  virtual void Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg);

  virtual void StartThread(void (*function)(void* arg), void* arg);

  virtual Status GetTestDirectory(std::string* result) {
    const char* env = getenv("TEST_TMPDIR");
    if (env && env[0] != '\0') {
      *result = env;
    } else {
      char buf[100];
      snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/tmp/leveldbtest-%d", int(geteuid()));
      *result = buf;
    }
    // Directory may already exist
    CreateDir(*result);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  static uint64_t gettid() {
    pthread_t tid = pthread_self();
    uint64_t thread_id = 0;
    memcpy(&thread_id, &tid, std::min(sizeof(thread_id), sizeof(tid)));
    return thread_id;
  }

  virtual Status NewLogger(const std::string& fname, Logger** result) {
    FILE* f = fopen(fname.c_str(), "w");
    if (f == nullptr) {
      *result = nullptr;
      return PosixError(fname, errno);
    } else {
      *result = new PosixLogger(f, &PosixEnv::gettid);
      return Status::OK();
    }
  }

  virtual uint64_t NowMicros() {
    struct timeval tv;
    gettimeofday(&tv, nullptr);
    return static_cast<uint64_t>(tv.tv_sec) * 1000000 + tv.tv_usec;
  }

  virtual void SleepForMicroseconds(int micros) {
    usleep(micros);
  }

 private:
  void PthreadCall(const char* label, int result) {
    if (result != 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "pthread %s: %s\n", label, strerror(result));
      abort();
    }
  }

  // BGThread() is the body of the background thread
  void BGThread();
  static void* BGThreadWrapper(void* arg) {
    reinterpret_cast<PosixEnv*>(arg)->BGThread();
    return nullptr;
  }

  pthread_mutex_t mu_;
  pthread_cond_t bgsignal_;
  pthread_t bgthread_;
  bool started_bgthread_;

  // Entry per Schedule() call
  struct BGItem { void* arg; void (*function)(void*); };
  typedef std::deque<BGItem> BGQueue;
  BGQueue queue_;

  PosixLockTable locks_;
  Limiter mmap_limit_;
  Limiter fd_limit_;
};

// Return the maximum number of concurrent mmaps.
static int MaxMmaps() {
  if (mmap_limit >= 0) {
    return mmap_limit;
  }
  // Up to 1000 mmaps for 64-bit binaries; none for smaller pointer sizes.
  mmap_limit = sizeof(void*) >= 8 ? 1000 : 0;
  return mmap_limit;
}

// Return the maximum number of read-only files to keep open.
static intptr_t MaxOpenFiles() {
  if (open_read_only_file_limit >= 0) {
    return open_read_only_file_limit;
  }
  struct rlimit rlim;
  if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim)) {
    // getrlimit failed, fallback to hard-coded default.
    open_read_only_file_limit = 50;
  } else if (rlim.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) {
    open_read_only_file_limit = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
  } else {
    // Allow use of 20% of available file descriptors for read-only files.
    open_read_only_file_limit = rlim.rlim_cur / 5;
  }
  return open_read_only_file_limit;
}

PosixEnv::PosixEnv()
    : started_bgthread_(false),
      mmap_limit_(MaxMmaps()),
      fd_limit_(MaxOpenFiles()) {
  PthreadCall("mutex_init", pthread_mutex_init(&mu_, nullptr));
  PthreadCall("cvar_init", pthread_cond_init(&bgsignal_, nullptr));
}

void PosixEnv::Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg) {
  PthreadCall("lock", pthread_mutex_lock(&mu_));

  // Start background thread if necessary
  if (!started_bgthread_) {
    started_bgthread_ = true;
    PthreadCall(
        "create thread",
        pthread_create(&bgthread_, nullptr,  &PosixEnv::BGThreadWrapper, this));
  }

  // If the queue is currently empty, the background thread may currently be
  // waiting.
  if (queue_.empty()) {
    PthreadCall("signal", pthread_cond_signal(&bgsignal_));
  }

  // Add to priority queue
  queue_.push_back(BGItem());
  queue_.back().function = function;
  queue_.back().arg = arg;

  PthreadCall("unlock", pthread_mutex_unlock(&mu_));
}

void PosixEnv::BGThread() {
  while (true) {
    // Wait until there is an item that is ready to run
    PthreadCall("lock", pthread_mutex_lock(&mu_));
    while (queue_.empty()) {
      PthreadCall("wait", pthread_cond_wait(&bgsignal_, &mu_));
    }

    void (*function)(void*) = queue_.front().function;
    void* arg = queue_.front().arg;
    queue_.pop_front();

    PthreadCall("unlock", pthread_mutex_unlock(&mu_));
    (*function)(arg);
  }
}

namespace {
struct StartThreadState {
  void (*user_function)(void*);
  void* arg;
};
}
static void* StartThreadWrapper(void* arg) {
  StartThreadState* state = reinterpret_cast<StartThreadState*>(arg);
  state->user_function(state->arg);
  delete state;
  return nullptr;
}

void PosixEnv::StartThread(void (*function)(void* arg), void* arg) {
  pthread_t t;
  StartThreadState* state = new StartThreadState;
  state->user_function = function;
  state->arg = arg;
  PthreadCall("start thread",
              pthread_create(&t, nullptr,  &StartThreadWrapper, state));
}

}  // namespace

static pthread_once_t once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
static Env* default_env;
static void InitDefaultEnv() { default_env = new PosixEnv; }

void EnvPosixTestHelper::SetReadOnlyFDLimit(int limit) {
  assert(default_env == nullptr);
  open_read_only_file_limit = limit;
}

void EnvPosixTestHelper::SetReadOnlyMMapLimit(int limit) {
  assert(default_env == nullptr);
  mmap_limit = limit;
}

Env* Env::Default() {
  pthread_once(&once, InitDefaultEnv);
  return default_env;
}

}  // namespace leveldb