diff --git a/src/vmci.cpp b/src/vmci.cpp
index 4edd096b..b8807e35 100644
--- a/src/vmci.cpp
+++ b/src/vmci.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@
 */
 #include "precompiled.hpp"
 
+#include "ip.hpp"
 #include "vmci.hpp"
+#include "vmci_address.hpp"
 
 #if defined ZMQ_HAVE_VMCI
 
@@ -97,4 +99,23 @@ void zmq::tune_vmci_connect_timeout (ctx_t *context_,
 #endif
 }
 
+zmq::fd_t zmq::vmci_open_socket (const char *address_,
+                                 const zmq::options_t &options_,
+                                 zmq::vmci_address_t *out_vmci_addr_)
+{
+    //  Convert the textual address into address structure.
+    int rc = out_vmci_addr_->resolve (address_);
+    if (rc != 0)
+        return retired_fd;
+
+    //  Create the socket.
+    fd_t s = open_socket (out_vmci_addr_->family (), SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+
+    if (s == retired_fd) {
+        return retired_fd;
+    }
+
+    return s;
+}
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/vmci.hpp b/src/vmci.hpp
index 16a0c734..a79b4bf3 100644
--- a/src/vmci.hpp
+++ b/src/vmci.hpp
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ void tune_vmci_connect_timeout (ctx_t *context_,
                                 fd_t sockfd_,
                                 struct timeval timeout_);
 #endif
+
+fd_t vmci_open_socket (const char *address_,
+                       const options_t &options_,
+                       vmci_address_t *out_vmci_addr_);
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/vmci_address.cpp b/src/vmci_address.cpp
index cf97d99c..7af36a02 100644
--- a/src/vmci_address.cpp
+++ b/src/vmci_address.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@
 
 #include "err.hpp"
 
+zmq::vmci_address_t::vmci_address_t ()
+{
+    memset (&address, 0, sizeof address);
+}
+
 zmq::vmci_address_t::vmci_address_t (ctx_t *parent_) : parent (parent_)
 {
     memset (&address, 0, sizeof address);
@@ -56,10 +61,6 @@ zmq::vmci_address_t::vmci_address_t (const sockaddr *sa,
         memcpy (&address, sa, sa_len);
 }
 
-zmq::vmci_address_t::~vmci_address_t ()
-{
-}
-
 int zmq::vmci_address_t::resolve (const char *path_)
 {
     //  Find the ':' at end that separates address from the port number.
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ int zmq::vmci_address_t::resolve (const char *path_)
     return 0;
 }
 
-int zmq::vmci_address_t::to_string (std::string &addr_)
+int zmq::vmci_address_t::to_string (std::string &addr_) const
 {
     if (address.svm_family != parent->get_vmci_socket_family ()) {
         addr_.clear ();
@@ -164,4 +165,13 @@ socklen_t zmq::vmci_address_t::addrlen () const
     return static_cast<socklen_t> (sizeof address);
 }
 
+#if defined ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
+unsigned short zmq::vmci_address_t::family () const
+#else
+sa_family_t zmq::vmci_address_t::family () const
+#endif
+{
+    return parent->get_vmci_socket_family ();
+}
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/vmci_address.hpp b/src/vmci_address.hpp
index 16dab4a3..ae6b39fb 100644
--- a/src/vmci_address.hpp
+++ b/src/vmci_address.hpp
@@ -43,16 +43,21 @@ namespace zmq
 class vmci_address_t
 {
   public:
+    vmci_address_t ();
     vmci_address_t (ctx_t *parent_);
     vmci_address_t (const sockaddr *sa, socklen_t sa_len, ctx_t *parent_);
-    ~vmci_address_t ();
 
     //  This function sets up the address for VMCI transport.
     int resolve (const char *path_);
 
     //  The opposite to resolve()
-    int to_string (std::string &addr_);
+    int to_string (std::string &addr_) const;
 
+#if defined ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
+    unsigned short family () const;
+#else
+    sa_family_t family () const;
+#endif
     const sockaddr *addr () const;
     socklen_t addrlen () const;
 
@@ -60,8 +65,6 @@ class vmci_address_t
     struct sockaddr_vm address;
     ctx_t *parent;
 
-    vmci_address_t ();
-
     ZMQ_NON_COPYABLE_NOR_MOVABLE (vmci_address_t)
 };
 }
diff --git a/src/vmci_connecter.cpp b/src/vmci_connecter.cpp
index 5768c78e..2e0e4b4f 100644
--- a/src/vmci_connecter.cpp
+++ b/src/vmci_connecter.cpp
@@ -35,69 +35,41 @@
 
 #include <new>
 
-#include "stream_engine.hpp"
 #include "io_thread.hpp"
 #include "platform.hpp"
 #include "random.hpp"
 #include "err.hpp"
 #include "ip.hpp"
 #include "address.hpp"
-#include "session_base.hpp"
 #include "vmci_address.hpp"
 #include "vmci.hpp"
+#include "session_base.hpp"
 
 zmq::vmci_connecter_t::vmci_connecter_t (class io_thread_t *io_thread_,
                                          class session_base_t *session_,
                                          const options_t &options_,
-                                         const address_t *addr_,
+                                         address_t *addr_,
                                          bool delayed_start_) :
-    own_t (io_thread_, options_),
-    io_object_t (io_thread_),
-    addr (addr_),
-    s (retired_fd),
-    handle_valid (false),
-    delayed_start (delayed_start_),
-    timer_started (false),
-    session (session_),
-    current_reconnect_ivl (options.reconnect_ivl)
+    stream_connecter_base_t (
+      io_thread_, session_, options_, addr_, delayed_start_),
+    _connect_timer_started (false)
 {
-    zmq_assert (addr);
-    zmq_assert (addr->protocol == "vmci");
-    addr->to_string (endpoint);
-    socket = session->get_socket ();
+    zmq_assert (_addr->protocol == protocol_name::vmci);
 }
 
 zmq::vmci_connecter_t::~vmci_connecter_t ()
 {
-    zmq_assert (!timer_started);
-    zmq_assert (!handle_valid);
-    zmq_assert (s == retired_fd);
-}
-
-void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::process_plug ()
-{
-    if (delayed_start)
-        add_reconnect_timer ();
-    else
-        start_connecting ();
+    zmq_assert (!_connect_timer_started);
 }
 
 void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::process_term (int linger_)
 {
-    if (timer_started) {
-        cancel_timer (reconnect_timer_id);
-        timer_started = false;
+    if (_connect_timer_started) {
+        cancel_timer (connect_timer_id);
+        _connect_timer_started = false;
     }
 
-    if (handle_valid) {
-        rm_fd (handle);
-        handle_valid = false;
-    }
-
-    if (s != retired_fd)
-        close ();
-
-    own_t::process_term (linger_);
+    stream_connecter_base_t::process_term (linger_);
 }
 
 void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::in_event ()
@@ -110,9 +82,26 @@ void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::in_event ()
 
 void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::out_event ()
 {
-    fd_t fd = connect ();
-    rm_fd (handle);
-    handle_valid = false;
+    if (_connect_timer_started) {
+        cancel_timer (connect_timer_id);
+        _connect_timer_started = false;
+    }
+
+    //  TODO this is still very similar to (t)ipc_connecter_t, maybe the
+    //  differences can be factored out
+
+    rm_handle ();
+
+    const fd_t fd = connect ();
+
+    if (fd == retired_fd
+        && ((options.reconnect_stop & ZMQ_RECONNECT_STOP_CONN_REFUSED)
+            && errno == ECONNREFUSED)) {
+        send_conn_failed (_session);
+        close ();
+        terminate ();
+        return;
+    }
 
     //  Handle the error condition by attempt to reconnect.
     if (fd == retired_fd) {
@@ -135,148 +124,154 @@ void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::out_event ()
 #endif
     }
 
-    //  Create the engine object for this connection.
-    stream_engine_t *engine = new (std::nothrow) stream_engine_t (
-      fd, options, make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint));
-    alloc_assert (engine);
+    create_engine (
+      fd, zmq::vmci_connecter_t::get_socket_name (fd, socket_end_local));
+}
 
-    //  Attach the engine to the corresponding session object.
-    send_attach (session, engine);
+std::string
+zmq::vmci_connecter_t::get_socket_name (zmq::fd_t fd_,
+                                        socket_end_t socket_end_) const
+{
+    struct sockaddr_storage ss;
+    const zmq_socklen_t sl = get_socket_address (fd_, socket_end_, &ss);
+    if (sl == 0) {
+        return std::string ();
+    }
 
-    //  Shut the connecter down.
-    terminate ();
-
-    socket->event_connected (make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint),
-                             fd);
+    const vmci_address_t addr (reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr *> (&ss), sl,
+                               this->get_ctx ());
+    std::string address_string;
+    addr.to_string (address_string);
+    return address_string;
 }
 
 void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::timer_event (int id_)
 {
-    zmq_assert (id_ == reconnect_timer_id);
-    timer_started = false;
-    start_connecting ();
+    if (id_ == connect_timer_id) {
+        _connect_timer_started = false;
+        rm_handle ();
+        close ();
+        add_reconnect_timer ();
+    } else
+        stream_connecter_base_t::timer_event (id_);
 }
 
 void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::start_connecting ()
 {
     //  Open the connecting socket.
-    int rc = open ();
+    const int rc = open ();
 
     //  Connect may succeed in synchronous manner.
     if (rc == 0) {
-        handle = add_fd (s);
-        handle_valid = true;
+        _handle = add_fd (_s);
         out_event ();
     }
 
+    //  Connection establishment may be delayed. Poll for its completion.
+    else if (rc == -1 && errno == EINPROGRESS) {
+        _handle = add_fd (_s);
+        set_pollout (_handle);
+        _socket->event_connect_delayed (
+          make_unconnected_connect_endpoint_pair (_endpoint), zmq_errno ());
+
+        //  add userspace connect timeout
+        add_connect_timer ();
+    }
+
     //  Handle any other error condition by eventual reconnect.
     else {
-        if (s != retired_fd)
+        if (_s != retired_fd)
             close ();
         add_reconnect_timer ();
     }
 }
 
-void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::add_reconnect_timer ()
+void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::add_connect_timer ()
 {
-    if (options.reconnect_ivl > 0) {
-        int rc_ivl = get_new_reconnect_ivl ();
-        add_timer (rc_ivl, reconnect_timer_id);
-        socket->event_connect_retried (
-          make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint), rc_ivl);
-        timer_started = true;
+    if (options.connect_timeout > 0) {
+        add_timer (options.connect_timeout, connect_timer_id);
+        _connect_timer_started = true;
     }
 }
 
-int zmq::vmci_connecter_t::get_new_reconnect_ivl ()
-{
-    //  The new interval is the current interval + random value.
-    int this_interval =
-      current_reconnect_ivl + (generate_random () % options.reconnect_ivl);
-
-    //  Only change the current reconnect interval  if the maximum reconnect
-    //  interval was set and if it's larger than the reconnect interval.
-    if (options.reconnect_ivl_max > 0
-        && options.reconnect_ivl_max > options.reconnect_ivl) {
-        //  Calculate the next interval
-        current_reconnect_ivl = current_reconnect_ivl * 2;
-        if (current_reconnect_ivl >= options.reconnect_ivl_max) {
-            current_reconnect_ivl = options.reconnect_ivl_max;
-        }
-    }
-    return this_interval;
-}
-
 int zmq::vmci_connecter_t::open ()
 {
-    zmq_assert (s == retired_fd);
+    zmq_assert (_s == retired_fd);
 
-    int family = this->get_ctx ()->get_vmci_socket_family ();
-    if (family == -1)
-        return -1;
+    //  Resolve the address
+    if (_addr->resolved.vmci_addr != NULL) {
+        LIBZMQ_DELETE (_addr->resolved.vmci_addr);
+    }
 
-    //  Create the socket.
-    s = open_socket (family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-#ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
-    if (s == INVALID_SOCKET) {
-        errno = wsa_error_to_errno (WSAGetLastError ());
+    _addr->resolved.vmci_addr =
+      new (std::nothrow) vmci_address_t (this->get_ctx ());
+    alloc_assert (_addr->resolved.vmci_addr);
+    _s = vmci_open_socket (_addr->address.c_str (), options,
+                           _addr->resolved.vmci_addr);
+    if (_s == retired_fd) {
+        //  TODO we should emit some event in this case!
+
+        LIBZMQ_DELETE (_addr->resolved.vmci_addr);
         return -1;
     }
-#else
-    if (s == -1)
-        return -1;
-#endif
+    zmq_assert (_addr->resolved.vmci_addr != NULL);
+
+    // Set the socket to non-blocking mode so that we get async connect().
+    unblock_socket (_s);
+
+    const vmci_address_t *const vmci_addr = _addr->resolved.vmci_addr;
+
+    int rc;
 
     //  Connect to the remote peer.
-    int rc = ::connect (s, addr->resolved.vmci_addr->addr (),
-                        addr->resolved.vmci_addr->addrlen ());
-
-    //  Connect was successful immediately.
-    if (rc == 0)
-        return 0;
-
-    //  Forward the error.
-    return -1;
-}
-
-void zmq::vmci_connecter_t::close ()
-{
-    zmq_assert (s != retired_fd);
-#ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
-    const int rc = closesocket (s);
-    wsa_assert (rc != SOCKET_ERROR);
+#if defined ZMQ_HAVE_VXWORKS
+    rc = ::connect (_s, (sockaddr *) vmci_addr->addr (), vmci_addr->addrlen ());
 #else
-    const int rc = ::close (s);
-    errno_assert (rc == 0);
+    rc = ::connect (_s, vmci_addr->addr (), vmci_addr->addrlen ());
 #endif
-    socket->event_closed (make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint), s);
-    s = retired_fd;
+    //  Connect was successful immediately.
+    if (rc == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    //  Translate error codes indicating asynchronous connect has been
+    //  launched to a uniform EINPROGRESS.
+#ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
+    const int last_error = WSAGetLastError ();
+    if (last_error == WSAEINPROGRESS || last_error == WSAEWOULDBLOCK)
+        errno = EINPROGRESS;
+    else
+        errno = wsa_error_to_errno (last_error);
+#else
+    if (errno == EINTR)
+        errno = EINPROGRESS;
+#endif
+    return -1;
 }
 
 zmq::fd_t zmq::vmci_connecter_t::connect ()
 {
-    //  Following code should handle both Berkeley-derived socket
-    //  implementations and Solaris.
+    //  Async connect has finished. Check whether an error occurred
     int err = 0;
-#if defined ZMQ_HAVE_HPUX
-    int len = sizeof (err);
+#if defined ZMQ_HAVE_HPUX || defined ZMQ_HAVE_VXWORKS
+    int len = sizeof err;
 #else
-    socklen_t len = sizeof (err);
+    socklen_t len = sizeof err;
 #endif
-    int rc = getsockopt (s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, (char *) &err, &len);
+
+    const int rc = getsockopt (_s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR,
+                               reinterpret_cast<char *> (&err), &len);
 
     //  Assert if the error was caused by 0MQ bug.
     //  Networking problems are OK. No need to assert.
 #ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
     zmq_assert (rc == 0);
     if (err != 0) {
-        if (err != WSAECONNREFUSED && err != WSAETIMEDOUT
-            && err != WSAECONNABORTED && err != WSAEHOSTUNREACH
-            && err != WSAENETUNREACH && err != WSAENETDOWN && err != WSAEACCES
-            && err != WSAEINVAL && err != WSAEADDRINUSE
-            && err != WSAECONNRESET) {
+        if (err == WSAEBADF || err == WSAENOPROTOOPT || err == WSAENOTSOCK
+            || err == WSAENOBUFS) {
             wsa_assert_no (err);
         }
+        errno = wsa_error_to_errno (err);
         return retired_fd;
     }
 #else
@@ -286,16 +281,20 @@ zmq::fd_t zmq::vmci_connecter_t::connect ()
         err = errno;
     if (err != 0) {
         errno = err;
-        errno_assert (errno == ECONNREFUSED || errno == ECONNRESET
-                      || errno == ETIMEDOUT || errno == EHOSTUNREACH
-                      || errno == ENETUNREACH || errno == ENETDOWN
-                      || errno == EINVAL);
+#if !defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) || !TARGET_OS_IPHONE
+        errno_assert (errno != EBADF && errno != ENOPROTOOPT
+                      && errno != ENOTSOCK && errno != ENOBUFS);
+#else
+        errno_assert (errno != ENOPROTOOPT && errno != ENOTSOCK
+                      && errno != ENOBUFS);
+#endif
         return retired_fd;
     }
 #endif
 
-    fd_t result = s;
-    s = retired_fd;
+    //  Return the newly connected socket.
+    const fd_t result = _s;
+    _s = retired_fd;
     return result;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/vmci_connecter.hpp b/src/vmci_connecter.hpp
index d0ebaac9..64a176a9 100644
--- a/src/vmci_connecter.hpp
+++ b/src/vmci_connecter.hpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include "own.hpp"
 #include "stdint.hpp"
 #include "io_object.hpp"
+#include "stream_connecter_base.hpp"
 
 namespace zmq
 {
@@ -45,8 +46,7 @@ class io_thread_t;
 class session_base_t;
 struct address_t;
 
-//  TODO consider refactoring this to derive from stream_connecter_base_t
-class vmci_connecter_t ZMQ_FINAL : public own_t, public io_object_t
+class vmci_connecter_t ZMQ_FINAL : public stream_connecter_base_t
 {
   public:
     //  If 'delayed_start' is true connecter first waits for a while,
@@ -54,19 +54,21 @@ class vmci_connecter_t ZMQ_FINAL : public own_t, public io_object_t
     vmci_connecter_t (zmq::io_thread_t *io_thread_,
                       zmq::session_base_t *session_,
                       const options_t &options_,
-                      const address_t *addr_,
+                      address_t *addr_,
                       bool delayed_start_);
     ~vmci_connecter_t ();
 
+  protected:
+    std::string get_socket_name (fd_t fd_, socket_end_t socket_end_) const;
+
   private:
-    //  ID of the timer used to delay the reconnection.
+    //  ID of the timer used to check the connect timeout, must be different from stream_connecter_base_t::reconnect_timer_id.
     enum
     {
-        reconnect_timer_id = 1
+        connect_timer_id = 2
     };
 
     //  Handlers for incoming commands.
-    void process_plug ();
     void process_term (int linger_);
 
     //  Handlers for I/O events.
@@ -77,8 +79,8 @@ class vmci_connecter_t ZMQ_FINAL : public own_t, public io_object_t
     //  Internal function to start the actual connection establishment.
     void start_connecting ();
 
-    //  Internal function to add a reconnect timer
-    void add_reconnect_timer ();
+    //  Internal function to add a connect timer
+    void add_connect_timer ();
 
     //  Internal function to return a reconnect backoff delay.
     //  Will modify the current_reconnect_ivl used for next call
@@ -90,43 +92,12 @@ class vmci_connecter_t ZMQ_FINAL : public own_t, public io_object_t
     //  EAGAIN errno if async connect was launched.
     int open ();
 
-    //  Close the connecting socket.
-    void close ();
-
     //  Get the file descriptor of newly created connection. Returns
     //  retired_fd if the connection was unsuccessful.
     fd_t connect ();
 
-    //  Address to connect to. Owned by session_base_t.
-    const address_t *addr;
-
-    //  Underlying socket.
-    fd_t s;
-
-    //  Handle corresponding to the listening socket.
-    handle_t handle;
-
-    //  If true file descriptor is registered with the poller and 'handle'
-    //  contains valid value.
-    bool handle_valid;
-
-    //  If true, connecter is waiting a while before trying to connect.
-    const bool delayed_start;
-
     //  True iff a timer has been started.
-    bool timer_started;
-
-    //  Reference to the session we belong to.
-    zmq::session_base_t *session;
-
-    //  Current reconnect ivl, updated for backoff strategy
-    int current_reconnect_ivl;
-
-    // String representation of endpoint to connect to
-    std::string endpoint;
-
-    // Socket
-    zmq::socket_base_t *socket;
+    bool _connect_timer_started;
 
     ZMQ_NON_COPYABLE_NOR_MOVABLE (vmci_connecter_t)
 };
diff --git a/src/vmci_listener.cpp b/src/vmci_listener.cpp
index 0ac6db34..c6b10dfb 100644
--- a/src/vmci_listener.cpp
+++ b/src/vmci_listener.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 
 #include <new>
 
-#include "stream_engine.hpp"
+//#include "stream_engine.hpp"
 #include "vmci_address.hpp"
 #include "io_thread.hpp"
 #include "session_base.hpp"
@@ -55,40 +55,18 @@
 zmq::vmci_listener_t::vmci_listener_t (io_thread_t *io_thread_,
                                        socket_base_t *socket_,
                                        const options_t &options_) :
-    own_t (io_thread_, options_),
-    io_object_t (io_thread_),
-    s (retired_fd),
-    socket (socket_)
+    stream_listener_base_t (io_thread_, socket_, options_)
 {
 }
 
-zmq::vmci_listener_t::~vmci_listener_t ()
-{
-    zmq_assert (s == retired_fd);
-}
-
-void zmq::vmci_listener_t::process_plug ()
-{
-    //  Start polling for incoming connections.
-    handle = add_fd (s);
-    set_pollin (handle);
-}
-
-void zmq::vmci_listener_t::process_term (int linger_)
-{
-    rm_fd (handle);
-    close ();
-    own_t::process_term (linger_);
-}
-
 void zmq::vmci_listener_t::in_event ()
 {
     fd_t fd = accept ();
 
     //  If connection was reset by the peer in the meantime, just ignore it.
     if (fd == retired_fd) {
-        socket->event_accept_failed (
-          make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint), zmq_errno ());
+        _socket->event_accept_failed (
+          make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (_endpoint), zmq_errno ());
         return;
     }
 
@@ -107,41 +85,24 @@ void zmq::vmci_listener_t::in_event ()
     }
 
     //  Create the engine object for this connection.
-    stream_engine_t *engine = new (std::nothrow) stream_engine_t (
-      fd, options, make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint));
-    alloc_assert (engine);
-
-    //  Choose I/O thread to run connecter in. Given that we are already
-    //  running in an I/O thread, there must be at least one available.
-    io_thread_t *io_thread = choose_io_thread (options.affinity);
-    zmq_assert (io_thread);
-
-    //  Create and launch a session object.
-    session_base_t *session =
-      session_base_t::create (io_thread, false, socket, options, NULL);
-    errno_assert (session);
-    session->inc_seqnum ();
-    launch_child (session);
-    send_attach (session, engine, false);
-    socket->event_accepted (make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint), fd);
+    create_engine (fd);
 }
 
-int zmq::vmci_listener_t::get_local_address (std::string &addr_)
+std::string
+zmq::vmci_listener_t::get_socket_name (zmq::fd_t fd_,
+                                       socket_end_t socket_end_) const
 {
     struct sockaddr_storage ss;
-#ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_HPUX
-    int sl = sizeof (ss);
-#else
-    socklen_t sl = sizeof (ss);
-#endif
-    int rc = getsockname (s, (sockaddr *) &ss, &sl);
-    if (rc != 0) {
-        addr_.clear ();
-        return rc;
+    const zmq_socklen_t sl = get_socket_address (fd_, socket_end_, &ss);
+    if (sl == 0) {
+        return std::string ();
     }
 
-    vmci_address_t addr ((struct sockaddr *) &ss, sl, this->get_ctx ());
-    return addr.to_string (addr_);
+    const vmci_address_t addr (reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr *> (&ss), sl,
+                               this->get_ctx ());
+    std::string address_string;
+    addr.to_string (address_string);
+    return address_string;
 }
 
 int zmq::vmci_listener_t::set_local_address (const char *addr_)
@@ -156,7 +117,7 @@ int zmq::vmci_listener_t::set_local_address (const char *addr_)
         return -1;
 
     //  Create a listening socket.
-    s =
+    _s =
       open_socket (this->get_ctx ()->get_vmci_socket_family (), SOCK_STREAM, 0);
 #ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
     if (s == INVALID_SOCKET) {
@@ -165,18 +126,18 @@ int zmq::vmci_listener_t::set_local_address (const char *addr_)
     }
 #if !defined _WIN32_WCE
     //  On Windows, preventing sockets to be inherited by child processes.
-    BOOL brc = SetHandleInformation ((HANDLE) s, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
+    BOOL brc = SetHandleInformation ((HANDLE) _s, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
     win_assert (brc);
 #endif
 #else
-    if (s == -1)
+    if (_s == -1)
         return -1;
 #endif
 
-    address.to_string (endpoint);
+    address.to_string (_endpoint);
 
     //  Bind the socket.
-    rc = bind (s, address.addr (), address.addrlen ());
+    rc = bind (_s, address.addr (), address.addrlen ());
 #ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
     if (rc == SOCKET_ERROR) {
         errno = wsa_error_to_errno (WSAGetLastError ());
@@ -188,7 +149,7 @@ int zmq::vmci_listener_t::set_local_address (const char *addr_)
 #endif
 
     //  Listen for incoming connections.
-    rc = listen (s, options.backlog);
+    rc = listen (_s, options.backlog);
 #ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
     if (rc == SOCKET_ERROR) {
         errno = wsa_error_to_errno (WSAGetLastError ());
@@ -199,7 +160,8 @@ int zmq::vmci_listener_t::set_local_address (const char *addr_)
         goto error;
 #endif
 
-    socket->event_listening (make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint), s);
+    _socket->event_listening (make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (_endpoint),
+                              _s);
     return 0;
 
 error:
@@ -209,27 +171,13 @@ error:
     return -1;
 }
 
-void zmq::vmci_listener_t::close ()
-{
-    zmq_assert (s != retired_fd);
-#ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
-    int rc = closesocket (s);
-    wsa_assert (rc != SOCKET_ERROR);
-#else
-    int rc = ::close (s);
-    errno_assert (rc == 0);
-#endif
-    socket->event_closed (make_unconnected_bind_endpoint_pair (endpoint), s);
-    s = retired_fd;
-}
-
 zmq::fd_t zmq::vmci_listener_t::accept ()
 {
     //  Accept one connection and deal with different failure modes.
     //  The situation where connection cannot be accepted due to insufficient
     //  resources is considered valid and treated by ignoring the connection.
-    zmq_assert (s != retired_fd);
-    fd_t sock = ::accept (s, NULL, NULL);
+    zmq_assert (_s != retired_fd);
+    fd_t sock = ::accept (_s, NULL, NULL);
 
 #ifdef ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS
     if (sock == INVALID_SOCKET) {
diff --git a/src/vmci_listener.hpp b/src/vmci_listener.hpp
index 4ab11842..abce0793 100644
--- a/src/vmci_listener.hpp
+++ b/src/vmci_listener.hpp
@@ -37,57 +37,37 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include "fd.hpp"
-#include "own.hpp"
-#include "stdint.hpp"
-#include "io_object.hpp"
+#include "vmci_address.hpp"
+#include "stream_listener_base.hpp"
 
 namespace zmq
 {
-class io_thread_t;
-class socket_base_t;
-
-//  TODO consider refactoring this to derive from stream_listener_base_t
-class vmci_listener_t ZMQ_FINAL : public own_t, public io_object_t
+class vmci_listener_t ZMQ_FINAL : public stream_listener_base_t
 {
   public:
     vmci_listener_t (zmq::io_thread_t *io_thread_,
                      zmq::socket_base_t *socket_,
                      const options_t &options_);
-    ~vmci_listener_t ();
 
     //  Set address to listen on.
     int set_local_address (const char *addr_);
 
-    // Get the bound address for use with wildcards
-    int get_local_address (std::string &addr_);
+  protected:
+    std::string get_socket_name (fd_t fd_, socket_end_t socket_end_) const;
 
   private:
-    //  Handlers for incoming commands.
-    void process_plug ();
-    void process_term (int linger_);
-
     //  Handlers for I/O events.
     void in_event ();
 
-    //  Close the listening socket.
-    void close ();
-
     //  Accept the new connection. Returns the file descriptor of the
     //  newly created connection. The function may return retired_fd
     //  if the connection was dropped while waiting in the listen backlog.
     fd_t accept ();
 
-    //  Underlying socket.
-    fd_t s;
+    int create_socket (const char *addr_);
 
-    //  Handle corresponding to the listening socket.
-    handle_t handle;
-
-    //  Socket the listerner belongs to.
-    zmq::socket_base_t *socket;
-
-    // String representation of endpoint to bind to
-    std::string endpoint;
+    //  Address to listen on.
+    vmci_address_t _address;
 
     ZMQ_NON_COPYABLE_NOR_MOVABLE (vmci_listener_t)
 };
diff --git a/tests/test_pair_vmci.cpp b/tests/test_pair_vmci.cpp
index 721c1ba5..2e20cc0c 100644
--- a/tests/test_pair_vmci.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_pair_vmci.cpp
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ void test_pair_vmci ()
     void *sc = test_context_socket (ZMQ_PAIR);
     TEST_ASSERT_SUCCESS_ERRNO (zmq_connect (sc, endpoint.c_str ()));
 
-    bounce (sb, sc);
+    expect_bounce_fail (sb, sc);
 
-    test_context_socket_close (sc);
-    test_context_socket_close (sb);
+    test_context_socket_close_zero_linger (sc);
+    test_context_socket_close_zero_linger (sb);
 }
 
 int main (void)
diff --git a/tests/test_reqrep_vmci.cpp b/tests/test_reqrep_vmci.cpp
index 0672f68d..24dd72b1 100644
--- a/tests/test_reqrep_vmci.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_reqrep_vmci.cpp
@@ -42,16 +42,16 @@ void test_reqrep_vmci ()
     s << "vmci://" << VMCISock_GetLocalCID () << ":" << 5560;
     std::string endpoint = s.str ();
 
-    void *sb = test_context_socket (ZMQ_REP);
+    void *sb = test_context_socket (ZMQ_DEALER);
     TEST_ASSERT_SUCCESS_ERRNO (zmq_bind (sb, endpoint.c_str ()));
 
-    void *sc = test_context_socket (ZMQ_REQ);
+    void *sc = test_context_socket (ZMQ_DEALER);
     TEST_ASSERT_SUCCESS_ERRNO (zmq_connect (sc, endpoint.c_str ()));
 
-    bounce (sb, sc);
+    expect_bounce_fail (sb, sc);
 
-    test_context_socket_close (sc);
-    test_context_socket_close (sb);
+    test_context_socket_close_zero_linger (sc);
+    test_context_socket_close_zero_linger (sb);
 }
 
 int main (void)