googletest/googlemock/test/gmock-actions_test.cc

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//
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// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
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// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file tests the built-in actions.

// Silence C4800 (C4800: 'int *const ': forcing value
// to bool 'true' or 'false') for MSVC 15
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#if _MSC_VER == 1900
#  pragma warning(push)
#  pragma warning(disable:4800)
#endif
#endif

#include "gmock/gmock-actions.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "gtest/gtest-spi.h"

namespace {

// This list should be kept sorted.
using testing::Action;
using testing::ActionInterface;
using testing::Assign;
using testing::ByMove;
using testing::ByRef;
using testing::DefaultValue;
using testing::DoDefault;
using testing::IgnoreResult;
using testing::Invoke;
using testing::InvokeWithoutArgs;
using testing::MakePolymorphicAction;
using testing::Ne;
using testing::PolymorphicAction;
using testing::Return;
using testing::ReturnNull;
using testing::ReturnRef;
using testing::ReturnRefOfCopy;
using testing::SetArgPointee;
using testing::SetArgumentPointee;
using testing::Unused;
using testing::WithArgs;
using testing::_;
using testing::internal::BuiltInDefaultValue;
using testing::internal::Int64;
using testing::internal::UInt64;

#if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
using testing::SetErrnoAndReturn;
#endif

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<T*>::Get() returns NULL.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, IsNullForPointerTypes) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<int*>::Get() == nullptr);
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<const char*>::Get() == nullptr);
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<void*>::Get() == nullptr);
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<T*>::Exists() return true.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, ExistsForPointerTypes) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<int*>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<const char*>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<void*>::Exists());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<T>::Get() returns 0 when T is a
// built-in numeric type.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, IsZeroForNumericTypes) {
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned char>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<signed char>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<char>::Get());
#if GMOCK_HAS_SIGNED_WCHAR_T_
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned wchar_t>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<signed wchar_t>::Get());
#endif
#if GMOCK_WCHAR_T_IS_NATIVE_
#if !defined(__WCHAR_UNSIGNED__)
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<wchar_t>::Get());
#else
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, BuiltInDefaultValue<wchar_t>::Get());
#endif
#endif
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned short>::Get());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<signed short>::Get());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<short>::Get());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned int>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<signed int>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<int>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned long>::Get());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<signed long>::Get());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<long>::Get());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, BuiltInDefaultValue<UInt64>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<Int64>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<float>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<double>::Get());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<T>::Exists() returns true when T is a
// built-in numeric type.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, ExistsForNumericTypes) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned char>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<signed char>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<char>::Exists());
#if GMOCK_HAS_SIGNED_WCHAR_T_
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned wchar_t>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<signed wchar_t>::Exists());
#endif
#if GMOCK_WCHAR_T_IS_NATIVE_
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<wchar_t>::Exists());
#endif
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned short>::Exists());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<signed short>::Exists());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<short>::Exists());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned int>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<signed int>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<int>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<unsigned long>::Exists());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<signed long>::Exists());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<long>::Exists());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<UInt64>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<Int64>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<float>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<double>::Exists());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<bool>::Get() returns false.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, IsFalseForBool) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(BuiltInDefaultValue<bool>::Get());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<bool>::Exists() returns true.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, BoolExists) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<bool>::Exists());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<T>::Get() returns "" when T is a
// string type.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, IsEmptyStringForString) {
#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
  EXPECT_EQ("", BuiltInDefaultValue< ::string>::Get());
#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING

  EXPECT_EQ("", BuiltInDefaultValue< ::std::string>::Get());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<T>::Exists() returns true when T is a
// string type.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, ExistsForString) {
#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue< ::string>::Exists());
#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING

  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue< ::std::string>::Exists());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<const T>::Get() returns the same
// value as BuiltInDefaultValue<T>::Get() does.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, WorksForConstTypes) {
  EXPECT_EQ("", BuiltInDefaultValue<const std::string>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, BuiltInDefaultValue<const int>::Get());
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<char* const>::Get() == nullptr);
  EXPECT_FALSE(BuiltInDefaultValue<const bool>::Get());
}

// A type that's default constructible.
class MyDefaultConstructible {
 public:
  MyDefaultConstructible() : value_(42) {}

  int value() const { return value_; }

 private:
  int value_;
};

// A type that's not default constructible.
class MyNonDefaultConstructible {
 public:
  // Does not have a default ctor.
  explicit MyNonDefaultConstructible(int a_value) : value_(a_value) {}

  int value() const { return value_; }

 private:
  int value_;
};

#if GTEST_LANG_CXX11

TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, ExistsForDefaultConstructibleType) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(BuiltInDefaultValue<MyDefaultConstructible>::Exists());
}

TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, IsDefaultConstructedForDefaultConstructibleType) {
  EXPECT_EQ(42, BuiltInDefaultValue<MyDefaultConstructible>::Get().value());
}

#endif  // GTEST_LANG_CXX11

TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueTest, DoesNotExistForNonDefaultConstructibleType) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(BuiltInDefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Exists());
}

// Tests that BuiltInDefaultValue<T&>::Get() aborts the program.
TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueDeathTest, IsUndefinedForReferences) {
  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    BuiltInDefaultValue<int&>::Get();
  }, "");
  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    BuiltInDefaultValue<const char&>::Get();
  }, "");
}

TEST(BuiltInDefaultValueDeathTest, IsUndefinedForNonDefaultConstructibleType) {
  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    BuiltInDefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Get();
  }, "");
}

// Tests that DefaultValue<T>::IsSet() is false initially.
TEST(DefaultValueTest, IsInitiallyUnset) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<int>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyDefaultConstructible>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::IsSet());
}

// Tests that DefaultValue<T> can be set and then unset.
TEST(DefaultValueTest, CanBeSetAndUnset) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<int>::Exists());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Exists());

  DefaultValue<int>::Set(1);
  DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Set(
      MyNonDefaultConstructible(42));

  EXPECT_EQ(1, DefaultValue<int>::Get());
  EXPECT_EQ(42, DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Get().value());

  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<int>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Exists());

  DefaultValue<int>::Clear();
  DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Clear();

  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<int>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::IsSet());

  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<int>::Exists());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<const MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Exists());
}

// Tests that DefaultValue<T>::Get() returns the
// BuiltInDefaultValue<T>::Get() when DefaultValue<T>::IsSet() is
// false.
TEST(DefaultValueDeathTest, GetReturnsBuiltInDefaultValueWhenUnset) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<int>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<int>::Exists());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Exists());

  EXPECT_EQ(0, DefaultValue<int>::Get());

  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Get();
  }, "");
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STD_UNIQUE_PTR_
TEST(DefaultValueTest, GetWorksForMoveOnlyIfSet) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<std::unique_ptr<int>>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<std::unique_ptr<int>>::Get() == nullptr);
  DefaultValue<std::unique_ptr<int>>::SetFactory([] {
    return std::unique_ptr<int>(new int(42));
  });
  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<std::unique_ptr<int>>::Exists());
  std::unique_ptr<int> i = DefaultValue<std::unique_ptr<int>>::Get();
  EXPECT_EQ(42, *i);
}
#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_UNIQUE_PTR_

// Tests that DefaultValue<void>::Get() returns void.
TEST(DefaultValueTest, GetWorksForVoid) {
  return DefaultValue<void>::Get();
}

// Tests using DefaultValue with a reference type.

// Tests that DefaultValue<T&>::IsSet() is false initially.
TEST(DefaultValueOfReferenceTest, IsInitiallyUnset) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<int&>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyDefaultConstructible&>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::IsSet());
}

// Tests that DefaultValue<T&>::Exists is false initiallly.
TEST(DefaultValueOfReferenceTest, IsInitiallyNotExisting) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<int&>::Exists());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyDefaultConstructible&>::Exists());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::Exists());
}

// Tests that DefaultValue<T&> can be set and then unset.
TEST(DefaultValueOfReferenceTest, CanBeSetAndUnset) {
  int n = 1;
  DefaultValue<const int&>::Set(n);
  MyNonDefaultConstructible x(42);
  DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::Set(x);

  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<const int&>::Exists());
  EXPECT_TRUE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::Exists());

  EXPECT_EQ(&n, &(DefaultValue<const int&>::Get()));
  EXPECT_EQ(&x, &(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::Get()));

  DefaultValue<const int&>::Clear();
  DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::Clear();

  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<const int&>::Exists());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::Exists());

  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<const int&>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::IsSet());
}

// Tests that DefaultValue<T&>::Get() returns the
// BuiltInDefaultValue<T&>::Get() when DefaultValue<T&>::IsSet() is
// false.
TEST(DefaultValueOfReferenceDeathTest, GetReturnsBuiltInDefaultValueWhenUnset) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<int&>::IsSet());
  EXPECT_FALSE(DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible&>::IsSet());

  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    DefaultValue<int&>::Get();
  }, "");
  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    DefaultValue<MyNonDefaultConstructible>::Get();
  }, "");
}

// Tests that ActionInterface can be implemented by defining the
// Perform method.

typedef int MyGlobalFunction(bool, int);

class MyActionImpl : public ActionInterface<MyGlobalFunction> {
 public:
  virtual int Perform(const std::tuple<bool, int>& args) {
    return std::get<0>(args) ? std::get<1>(args) : 0;
  }
};

TEST(ActionInterfaceTest, CanBeImplementedByDefiningPerform) {
  MyActionImpl my_action_impl;
  (void)my_action_impl;
}

TEST(ActionInterfaceTest, MakeAction) {
  Action<MyGlobalFunction> action = MakeAction(new MyActionImpl);

  // When exercising the Perform() method of Action<F>, we must pass
  // it a tuple whose size and type are compatible with F's argument
  // types.  For example, if F is int(), then Perform() takes a
  // 0-tuple; if F is void(bool, int), then Perform() takes a
  // std::tuple<bool, int>, and so on.
  EXPECT_EQ(5, action.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 5)));
}

// Tests that Action<F> can be contructed from a pointer to
// ActionInterface<F>.
TEST(ActionTest, CanBeConstructedFromActionInterface) {
  Action<MyGlobalFunction> action(new MyActionImpl);
}

// Tests that Action<F> delegates actual work to ActionInterface<F>.
TEST(ActionTest, DelegatesWorkToActionInterface) {
  const Action<MyGlobalFunction> action(new MyActionImpl);

  EXPECT_EQ(5, action.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, action.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 1)));
}

// Tests that Action<F> can be copied.
TEST(ActionTest, IsCopyable) {
  Action<MyGlobalFunction> a1(new MyActionImpl);
  Action<MyGlobalFunction> a2(a1);  // Tests the copy constructor.

  // a1 should continue to work after being copied from.
  EXPECT_EQ(5, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 1)));

  // a2 should work like the action it was copied from.
  EXPECT_EQ(5, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 1)));

  a2 = a1;  // Tests the assignment operator.

  // a1 should continue to work after being copied from.
  EXPECT_EQ(5, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 1)));

  // a2 should work like the action it was copied from.
  EXPECT_EQ(5, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 1)));
}

// Tests that an Action<From> object can be converted to a
// compatible Action<To> object.

class IsNotZero : public ActionInterface<bool(int)> {  // NOLINT
 public:
  virtual bool Perform(const std::tuple<int>& arg) {
    return std::get<0>(arg) != 0;
  }
};

#if !GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
// Compiling this test on Nokia's Symbian compiler fails with:
//  'Result' is not a member of class 'testing::internal::Function<int>'
//  (point of instantiation: '@unnamed@gmock_actions_test_cc@::
//      ActionTest_CanBeConvertedToOtherActionType_Test::TestBody()')
// with no obvious fix.
TEST(ActionTest, CanBeConvertedToOtherActionType) {
  const Action<bool(int)> a1(new IsNotZero);  // NOLINT
  const Action<int(char)> a2 = Action<int(char)>(a1);  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(1, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple('a')));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple('\0')));
}
#endif  // !GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN

// The following two classes are for testing MakePolymorphicAction().

// Implements a polymorphic action that returns the second of the
// arguments it receives.
class ReturnSecondArgumentAction {
 public:
  // We want to verify that MakePolymorphicAction() can work with a
  // polymorphic action whose Perform() method template is either
  // const or not.  This lets us verify the non-const case.
  template <typename Result, typename ArgumentTuple>
  Result Perform(const ArgumentTuple& args) {
    return std::get<1>(args);
  }
};

// Implements a polymorphic action that can be used in a nullary
// function to return 0.
class ReturnZeroFromNullaryFunctionAction {
 public:
  // For testing that MakePolymorphicAction() works when the
  // implementation class' Perform() method template takes only one
  // template parameter.
  //
  // We want to verify that MakePolymorphicAction() can work with a
  // polymorphic action whose Perform() method template is either
  // const or not.  This lets us verify the const case.
  template <typename Result>
  Result Perform(const std::tuple<>&) const {
    return 0;
  }
};

// These functions verify that MakePolymorphicAction() returns a
// PolymorphicAction<T> where T is the argument's type.

PolymorphicAction<ReturnSecondArgumentAction> ReturnSecondArgument() {
  return MakePolymorphicAction(ReturnSecondArgumentAction());
}

PolymorphicAction<ReturnZeroFromNullaryFunctionAction>
ReturnZeroFromNullaryFunction() {
  return MakePolymorphicAction(ReturnZeroFromNullaryFunctionAction());
}

// Tests that MakePolymorphicAction() turns a polymorphic action
// implementation class into a polymorphic action.
TEST(MakePolymorphicActionTest, ConstructsActionFromImpl) {
  Action<int(bool, int, double)> a1 = ReturnSecondArgument();  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(5, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 5, 2.0)));
}

// Tests that MakePolymorphicAction() works when the implementation
// class' Perform() method template has only one template parameter.
TEST(MakePolymorphicActionTest, WorksWhenPerformHasOneTemplateParameter) {
  Action<int()> a1 = ReturnZeroFromNullaryFunction();
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  Action<void*()> a2 = ReturnZeroFromNullaryFunction();
  EXPECT_TRUE(a2.Perform(std::make_tuple()) == nullptr);
}

// Tests that Return() works as an action for void-returning
// functions.
TEST(ReturnTest, WorksForVoid) {
  const Action<void(int)> ret = Return();  // NOLINT
  return ret.Perform(std::make_tuple(1));
}

// Tests that Return(v) returns v.
TEST(ReturnTest, ReturnsGivenValue) {
  Action<int()> ret = Return(1);  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(1, ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  ret = Return(-5);
  EXPECT_EQ(-5, ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
}

// Tests that Return("string literal") works.
TEST(ReturnTest, AcceptsStringLiteral) {
  Action<const char*()> a1 = Return("Hello");
  EXPECT_STREQ("Hello", a1.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  Action<std::string()> a2 = Return("world");
  EXPECT_EQ("world", a2.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
}

// Test struct which wraps a vector of integers. Used in
// 'SupportsWrapperReturnType' test.
struct IntegerVectorWrapper {
  std::vector<int> * v;
  IntegerVectorWrapper(std::vector<int>& _v) : v(&_v) {}  // NOLINT
};

// Tests that Return() works when return type is a wrapper type.
TEST(ReturnTest, SupportsWrapperReturnType) {
  // Initialize vector of integers.
  std::vector<int> v;
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) v.push_back(i);

  // Return() called with 'v' as argument. The Action will return the same data
  // as 'v' (copy) but it will be wrapped in an IntegerVectorWrapper.
  Action<IntegerVectorWrapper()> a = Return(v);
  const std::vector<int>& result = *(a.Perform(std::make_tuple()).v);
  EXPECT_THAT(result, ::testing::ElementsAre(0, 1, 2, 3, 4));
}

// Tests that Return(v) is covaraint.

struct Base {
  bool operator==(const Base&) { return true; }
};

struct Derived : public Base {
  bool operator==(const Derived&) { return true; }
};

TEST(ReturnTest, IsCovariant) {
  Base base;
  Derived derived;
  Action<Base*()> ret = Return(&base);
  EXPECT_EQ(&base, ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  ret = Return(&derived);
  EXPECT_EQ(&derived, ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
}

// Tests that the type of the value passed into Return is converted into T
// when the action is cast to Action<T(...)> rather than when the action is
// performed. See comments on testing::internal::ReturnAction in
// gmock-actions.h for more information.
class FromType {
 public:
  explicit FromType(bool* is_converted) : converted_(is_converted) {}
  bool* converted() const { return converted_; }

 private:
  bool* const converted_;

  GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(FromType);
};

class ToType {
 public:
  // Must allow implicit conversion due to use in ImplicitCast_<T>.
  ToType(const FromType& x) { *x.converted() = true; }  // NOLINT
};

TEST(ReturnTest, ConvertsArgumentWhenConverted) {
  bool converted = false;
  FromType x(&converted);
  Action<ToType()> action(Return(x));
  EXPECT_TRUE(converted) << "Return must convert its argument in its own "
                         << "conversion operator.";
  converted = false;
  action.Perform(std::tuple<>());
  EXPECT_FALSE(converted) << "Action must NOT convert its argument "
                          << "when performed.";
}

class DestinationType {};

class SourceType {
 public:
  // Note: a non-const typecast operator.
  operator DestinationType() { return DestinationType(); }
};

TEST(ReturnTest, CanConvertArgumentUsingNonConstTypeCastOperator) {
  SourceType s;
  Action<DestinationType()> action(Return(s));
}

// Tests that ReturnNull() returns NULL in a pointer-returning function.
TEST(ReturnNullTest, WorksInPointerReturningFunction) {
  const Action<int*()> a1 = ReturnNull();
  EXPECT_TRUE(a1.Perform(std::make_tuple()) == nullptr);

  const Action<const char*(bool)> a2 = ReturnNull();  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(true)) == nullptr);
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STD_UNIQUE_PTR_
// Tests that ReturnNull() returns NULL for shared_ptr and unique_ptr returning
// functions.
TEST(ReturnNullTest, WorksInSmartPointerReturningFunction) {
  const Action<std::unique_ptr<const int>()> a1 = ReturnNull();
  EXPECT_TRUE(a1.Perform(std::make_tuple()) == nullptr);

  const Action<std::shared_ptr<int>(std::string)> a2 = ReturnNull();
  EXPECT_TRUE(a2.Perform(std::make_tuple("foo")) == nullptr);
}
#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_UNIQUE_PTR_

// Tests that ReturnRef(v) works for reference types.
TEST(ReturnRefTest, WorksForReference) {
  const int n = 0;
  const Action<const int&(bool)> ret = ReturnRef(n);  // NOLINT

  EXPECT_EQ(&n, &ret.Perform(std::make_tuple(true)));
}

// Tests that ReturnRef(v) is covariant.
TEST(ReturnRefTest, IsCovariant) {
  Base base;
  Derived derived;
  Action<Base&()> a = ReturnRef(base);
  EXPECT_EQ(&base, &a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  a = ReturnRef(derived);
  EXPECT_EQ(&derived, &a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
}

// Tests that ReturnRefOfCopy(v) works for reference types.
TEST(ReturnRefOfCopyTest, WorksForReference) {
  int n = 42;
  const Action<const int&()> ret = ReturnRefOfCopy(n);

  EXPECT_NE(&n, &ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
  EXPECT_EQ(42, ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  n = 43;
  EXPECT_NE(&n, &ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
  EXPECT_EQ(42, ret.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
}

// Tests that ReturnRefOfCopy(v) is covariant.
TEST(ReturnRefOfCopyTest, IsCovariant) {
  Base base;
  Derived derived;
  Action<Base&()> a = ReturnRefOfCopy(base);
  EXPECT_NE(&base, &a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  a = ReturnRefOfCopy(derived);
  EXPECT_NE(&derived, &a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
}

// Tests that DoDefault() does the default action for the mock method.

class MockClass {
 public:
  MockClass() {}

  MOCK_METHOD1(IntFunc, int(bool flag));  // NOLINT
  MOCK_METHOD0(Foo, MyNonDefaultConstructible());
#if GTEST_HAS_STD_UNIQUE_PTR_
  MOCK_METHOD0(MakeUnique, std::unique_ptr<int>());
  MOCK_METHOD0(MakeUniqueBase, std::unique_ptr<Base>());
  MOCK_METHOD0(MakeVectorUnique, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>>());
  MOCK_METHOD1(TakeUnique, int(std::unique_ptr<int>));
  MOCK_METHOD2(TakeUnique,
               int(const std::unique_ptr<int>&, std::unique_ptr<int>));
#endif

 private:
  GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(MockClass);
};

// Tests that DoDefault() returns the built-in default value for the
// return type by default.
TEST(DoDefaultTest, ReturnsBuiltInDefaultValueByDefault) {
  MockClass mock;
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, IntFunc(_))
      .WillOnce(DoDefault());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, mock.IntFunc(true));
}

// Tests that DoDefault() throws (when exceptions are enabled) or aborts
// the process when there is no built-in default value for the return type.
TEST(DoDefaultDeathTest, DiesForUnknowType) {
  MockClass mock;
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, Foo())
      .WillRepeatedly(DoDefault());
#if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  EXPECT_ANY_THROW(mock.Foo());
#else
  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    mock.Foo();
  }, "");
#endif
}

// Tests that using DoDefault() inside a composite action leads to a
// run-time error.

void VoidFunc(bool /* flag */) {}

TEST(DoDefaultDeathTest, DiesIfUsedInCompositeAction) {
  MockClass mock;
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, IntFunc(_))
      .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(Invoke(VoidFunc),
                            DoDefault()));

  // Ideally we should verify the error message as well.  Sadly,
  // EXPECT_DEATH() can only capture stderr, while Google Mock's
  // errors are printed on stdout.  Therefore we have to settle for
  // not verifying the message.
  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
    mock.IntFunc(true);
  }, "");
}

// Tests that DoDefault() returns the default value set by
// DefaultValue<T>::Set() when it's not overriden by an ON_CALL().
TEST(DoDefaultTest, ReturnsUserSpecifiedPerTypeDefaultValueWhenThereIsOne) {
  DefaultValue<int>::Set(1);
  MockClass mock;
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, IntFunc(_))
      .WillOnce(DoDefault());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, mock.IntFunc(false));
  DefaultValue<int>::Clear();
}

// Tests that DoDefault() does the action specified by ON_CALL().
TEST(DoDefaultTest, DoesWhatOnCallSpecifies) {
  MockClass mock;
  ON_CALL(mock, IntFunc(_))
      .WillByDefault(Return(2));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, IntFunc(_))
      .WillOnce(DoDefault());
  EXPECT_EQ(2, mock.IntFunc(false));
}

// Tests that using DoDefault() in ON_CALL() leads to a run-time failure.
TEST(DoDefaultTest, CannotBeUsedInOnCall) {
  MockClass mock;
  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
    ON_CALL(mock, IntFunc(_))
      .WillByDefault(DoDefault());
  }, "DoDefault() cannot be used in ON_CALL()");
}

// Tests that SetArgPointee<N>(v) sets the variable pointed to by
// the N-th (0-based) argument to v.
TEST(SetArgPointeeTest, SetsTheNthPointee) {
  typedef void MyFunction(bool, int*, char*);
  Action<MyFunction> a = SetArgPointee<1>(2);

  int n = 0;
  char ch = '\0';
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &n, &ch));
  EXPECT_EQ(2, n);
  EXPECT_EQ('\0', ch);

  a = SetArgPointee<2>('a');
  n = 0;
  ch = '\0';
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &n, &ch));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, n);
  EXPECT_EQ('a', ch);
}

#if !((GTEST_GCC_VER_ && GTEST_GCC_VER_ < 40000) || GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN)
// Tests that SetArgPointee<N>() accepts a string literal.
// GCC prior to v4.0 and the Symbian compiler do not support this.
TEST(SetArgPointeeTest, AcceptsStringLiteral) {
  typedef void MyFunction(std::string*, const char**);
  Action<MyFunction> a = SetArgPointee<0>("hi");
  std::string str;
  const char* ptr = nullptr;
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(&str, &ptr));
  EXPECT_EQ("hi", str);
  EXPECT_TRUE(ptr == nullptr);

  a = SetArgPointee<1>("world");
  str = "";
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(&str, &ptr));
  EXPECT_EQ("", str);
  EXPECT_STREQ("world", ptr);
}

TEST(SetArgPointeeTest, AcceptsWideStringLiteral) {
  typedef void MyFunction(const wchar_t**);
  Action<MyFunction> a = SetArgPointee<0>(L"world");
  const wchar_t* ptr = nullptr;
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(&ptr));
  EXPECT_STREQ(L"world", ptr);

# if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

  typedef void MyStringFunction(std::wstring*);
  Action<MyStringFunction> a2 = SetArgPointee<0>(L"world");
  std::wstring str = L"";
  a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(&str));
  EXPECT_EQ(L"world", str);

# endif
}
#endif

// Tests that SetArgPointee<N>() accepts a char pointer.
TEST(SetArgPointeeTest, AcceptsCharPointer) {
  typedef void MyFunction(bool, std::string*, const char**);
  const char* const hi = "hi";
  Action<MyFunction> a = SetArgPointee<1>(hi);
  std::string str;
  const char* ptr = nullptr;
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &str, &ptr));
  EXPECT_EQ("hi", str);
  EXPECT_TRUE(ptr == nullptr);

  char world_array[] = "world";
  char* const world = world_array;
  a = SetArgPointee<2>(world);
  str = "";
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &str, &ptr));
  EXPECT_EQ("", str);
  EXPECT_EQ(world, ptr);
}

TEST(SetArgPointeeTest, AcceptsWideCharPointer) {
  typedef void MyFunction(bool, const wchar_t**);
  const wchar_t* const hi = L"hi";
  Action<MyFunction> a = SetArgPointee<1>(hi);
  const wchar_t* ptr = nullptr;
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &ptr));
  EXPECT_EQ(hi, ptr);

# if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

  typedef void MyStringFunction(bool, std::wstring*);
  wchar_t world_array[] = L"world";
  wchar_t* const world = world_array;
  Action<MyStringFunction> a2 = SetArgPointee<1>(world);
  std::wstring str;
  a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &str));
  EXPECT_EQ(world_array, str);
# endif
}

// Tests that SetArgumentPointee<N>(v) sets the variable pointed to by
// the N-th (0-based) argument to v.
TEST(SetArgumentPointeeTest, SetsTheNthPointee) {
  typedef void MyFunction(bool, int*, char*);
  Action<MyFunction> a = SetArgumentPointee<1>(2);

  int n = 0;
  char ch = '\0';
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &n, &ch));
  EXPECT_EQ(2, n);
  EXPECT_EQ('\0', ch);

  a = SetArgumentPointee<2>('a');
  n = 0;
  ch = '\0';
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, &n, &ch));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, n);
  EXPECT_EQ('a', ch);
}

// Sample functions and functors for testing Invoke() and etc.
int Nullary() { return 1; }

class NullaryFunctor {
 public:
  int operator()() { return 2; }
};

bool g_done = false;
void VoidNullary() { g_done = true; }

class VoidNullaryFunctor {
 public:
  void operator()() { g_done = true; }
};

short Short(short n) { return n; }  // NOLINT
char Char(char ch) { return ch; }

const char* CharPtr(const char* s) { return s; }

bool Unary(int x) { return x < 0; }

const char* Binary(const char* input, short n) { return input + n; }  // NOLINT

void VoidBinary(int, char) { g_done = true; }

int Ternary(int x, char y, short z) { return x + y + z; }  // NOLINT

int SumOf4(int a, int b, int c, int d) { return a + b + c + d; }

class Foo {
 public:
  Foo() : value_(123) {}

  int Nullary() const { return value_; }

 private:
  int value_;
};

// Tests InvokeWithoutArgs(function).
TEST(InvokeWithoutArgsTest, Function) {
  // As an action that takes one argument.
  Action<int(int)> a = InvokeWithoutArgs(Nullary);  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(1, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(2)));

  // As an action that takes two arguments.
  Action<int(int, double)> a2 = InvokeWithoutArgs(Nullary);  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(1, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(2, 3.5)));

  // As an action that returns void.
  Action<void(int)> a3 = InvokeWithoutArgs(VoidNullary);  // NOLINT
  g_done = false;
  a3.Perform(std::make_tuple(1));
  EXPECT_TRUE(g_done);
}

// Tests InvokeWithoutArgs(functor).
TEST(InvokeWithoutArgsTest, Functor) {
  // As an action that takes no argument.
  Action<int()> a = InvokeWithoutArgs(NullaryFunctor());  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_EQ(2, a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));

  // As an action that takes three arguments.
  Action<int(int, double, char)> a2 =  // NOLINT
      InvokeWithoutArgs(NullaryFunctor());
  EXPECT_EQ(2, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(3, 3.5, 'a')));

  // As an action that returns void.
  Action<void()> a3 = InvokeWithoutArgs(VoidNullaryFunctor());
  g_done = false;
  a3.Perform(std::make_tuple());
  EXPECT_TRUE(g_done);
}

// Tests InvokeWithoutArgs(obj_ptr, method).
TEST(InvokeWithoutArgsTest, Method) {
  Foo foo;
  Action<int(bool, char)> a =  // NOLINT
      InvokeWithoutArgs(&foo, &Foo::Nullary);
  EXPECT_EQ(123, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 'a')));
}

// Tests using IgnoreResult() on a polymorphic action.
TEST(IgnoreResultTest, PolymorphicAction) {
  Action<void(int)> a = IgnoreResult(Return(5));  // NOLINT
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(1));
}

// Tests using IgnoreResult() on a monomorphic action.

int ReturnOne() {
  g_done = true;
  return 1;
}

TEST(IgnoreResultTest, MonomorphicAction) {
  g_done = false;
  Action<void()> a = IgnoreResult(Invoke(ReturnOne));
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple());
  EXPECT_TRUE(g_done);
}

// Tests using IgnoreResult() on an action that returns a class type.

MyNonDefaultConstructible ReturnMyNonDefaultConstructible(double /* x */) {
  g_done = true;
  return MyNonDefaultConstructible(42);
}

TEST(IgnoreResultTest, ActionReturningClass) {
  g_done = false;
  Action<void(int)> a =
      IgnoreResult(Invoke(ReturnMyNonDefaultConstructible));  // NOLINT
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(2));
  EXPECT_TRUE(g_done);
}

TEST(AssignTest, Int) {
  int x = 0;
  Action<void(int)> a = Assign(&x, 5);
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(0));
  EXPECT_EQ(5, x);
}

TEST(AssignTest, String) {
  ::std::string x;
  Action<void(void)> a = Assign(&x, "Hello, world");
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello, world", x);
}

TEST(AssignTest, CompatibleTypes) {
  double x = 0;
  Action<void(int)> a = Assign(&x, 5);
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(0));
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(5, x);
}


// Tests using WithArgs and with an action that takes 1 argument.
TEST(WithArgsTest, OneArg) {
  Action<bool(double x, int n)> a = WithArgs<1>(Invoke(Unary));  // NOLINT
  EXPECT_TRUE(a.Perform(std::make_tuple(1.5, -1)));
  EXPECT_FALSE(a.Perform(std::make_tuple(1.5, 1)));
}

// Tests using WithArgs with an action that takes 2 arguments.
TEST(WithArgsTest, TwoArgs) {
  Action<const char*(const char* s, double x, short n)> a =  // NOLINT
      WithArgs<0, 2>(Invoke(Binary));
  const char s[] = "Hello";
  EXPECT_EQ(s + 2, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(CharPtr(s), 0.5, Short(2))));
}

struct ConcatAll {
  std::string operator()() const { return {}; }
  template <typename... I>
  std::string operator()(const char* a, I... i) const {
    return a + ConcatAll()(i...);
  }
};

// Tests using WithArgs with an action that takes 10 arguments.
TEST(WithArgsTest, TenArgs) {
  Action<std::string(const char*, const char*, const char*, const char*)> a =
      WithArgs<0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3>(Invoke(ConcatAll{}));
  EXPECT_EQ("0123210123",
            a.Perform(std::make_tuple(CharPtr("0"), CharPtr("1"), CharPtr("2"),
                                      CharPtr("3"))));
}

// Tests using WithArgs with an action that is not Invoke().
class SubtractAction : public ActionInterface<int(int, int)> {
 public:
  virtual int Perform(const std::tuple<int, int>& args) {
    return std::get<0>(args) - std::get<1>(args);
  }
};

TEST(WithArgsTest, NonInvokeAction) {
  Action<int(const std::string&, int, int)> a =
      WithArgs<2, 1>(MakeAction(new SubtractAction));
  std::tuple<std::string, int, int> dummy =
      std::make_tuple(std::string("hi"), 2, 10);
  EXPECT_EQ(8, a.Perform(dummy));
}

// Tests using WithArgs to pass all original arguments in the original order.
TEST(WithArgsTest, Identity) {
  Action<int(int x, char y, short z)> a =  // NOLINT
      WithArgs<0, 1, 2>(Invoke(Ternary));
  EXPECT_EQ(123, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(100, Char(20), Short(3))));
}

// Tests using WithArgs with repeated arguments.
TEST(WithArgsTest, RepeatedArguments) {
  Action<int(bool, int m, int n)> a =  // NOLINT
      WithArgs<1, 1, 1, 1>(Invoke(SumOf4));
  EXPECT_EQ(4, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 1, 10)));
}

// Tests using WithArgs with reversed argument order.
TEST(WithArgsTest, ReversedArgumentOrder) {
  Action<const char*(short n, const char* input)> a =  // NOLINT
      WithArgs<1, 0>(Invoke(Binary));
  const char s[] = "Hello";
  EXPECT_EQ(s + 2, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(Short(2), CharPtr(s))));
}

// Tests using WithArgs with compatible, but not identical, argument types.
TEST(WithArgsTest, ArgsOfCompatibleTypes) {
  Action<long(short x, char y, double z, char c)> a =  // NOLINT
      WithArgs<0, 1, 3>(Invoke(Ternary));
  EXPECT_EQ(123,
            a.Perform(std::make_tuple(Short(100), Char(20), 5.6, Char(3))));
}

// Tests using WithArgs with an action that returns void.
TEST(WithArgsTest, VoidAction) {
  Action<void(double x, char c, int n)> a = WithArgs<2, 1>(Invoke(VoidBinary));
  g_done = false;
  a.Perform(std::make_tuple(1.5, 'a', 3));
  EXPECT_TRUE(g_done);
}

TEST(WithArgsTest, ReturnReference) {
  Action<int&(int&, void*)> a = WithArgs<0>([](int& a) -> int& { return a; });
  int i = 0;
  const int& res = a.Perform(std::forward_as_tuple(i, nullptr));
  EXPECT_EQ(&i, &res);
}

TEST(WithArgsTest, InnerActionWithConversion) {
  struct Base {};
  struct Derived : Base {};
  Action<Derived*()> inner = [] { return nullptr; };
  Action<Base*(double)> a = testing::WithoutArgs(inner);
  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(1.1)));
}

#if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE

class SetErrnoAndReturnTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
  virtual void SetUp() { errno = 0; }
  virtual void TearDown() { errno = 0; }
};

TEST_F(SetErrnoAndReturnTest, Int) {
  Action<int(void)> a = SetErrnoAndReturn(ENOTTY, -5);
  EXPECT_EQ(-5, a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
  EXPECT_EQ(ENOTTY, errno);
}

TEST_F(SetErrnoAndReturnTest, Ptr) {
  int x;
  Action<int*(void)> a = SetErrnoAndReturn(ENOTTY, &x);
  EXPECT_EQ(&x, a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
  EXPECT_EQ(ENOTTY, errno);
}

TEST_F(SetErrnoAndReturnTest, CompatibleTypes) {
  Action<double()> a = SetErrnoAndReturn(EINVAL, 5);
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(5.0, a.Perform(std::make_tuple()));
  EXPECT_EQ(EINVAL, errno);
}

#endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE

// Tests ByRef().

// Tests that ReferenceWrapper<T> is copyable.
TEST(ByRefTest, IsCopyable) {
  const std::string s1 = "Hi";
  const std::string s2 = "Hello";

  ::testing::internal::ReferenceWrapper<const std::string> ref_wrapper =
      ByRef(s1);
  const std::string& r1 = ref_wrapper;
  EXPECT_EQ(&s1, &r1);

  // Assigns a new value to ref_wrapper.
  ref_wrapper = ByRef(s2);
  const std::string& r2 = ref_wrapper;
  EXPECT_EQ(&s2, &r2);

  ::testing::internal::ReferenceWrapper<const std::string> ref_wrapper1 =
      ByRef(s1);
  // Copies ref_wrapper1 to ref_wrapper.
  ref_wrapper = ref_wrapper1;
  const std::string& r3 = ref_wrapper;
  EXPECT_EQ(&s1, &r3);
}

// Tests using ByRef() on a const value.
TEST(ByRefTest, ConstValue) {
  const int n = 0;
  // int& ref = ByRef(n);  // This shouldn't compile - we have a
                           // negative compilation test to catch it.
  const int& const_ref = ByRef(n);
  EXPECT_EQ(&n, &const_ref);
}

// Tests using ByRef() on a non-const value.
TEST(ByRefTest, NonConstValue) {
  int n = 0;

  // ByRef(n) can be used as either an int&,
  int& ref = ByRef(n);
  EXPECT_EQ(&n, &ref);

  // or a const int&.
  const int& const_ref = ByRef(n);
  EXPECT_EQ(&n, &const_ref);
}

// Tests explicitly specifying the type when using ByRef().
TEST(ByRefTest, ExplicitType) {
  int n = 0;
  const int& r1 = ByRef<const int>(n);
  EXPECT_EQ(&n, &r1);

  // ByRef<char>(n);  // This shouldn't compile - we have a negative
                      // compilation test to catch it.

  Derived d;
  Derived& r2 = ByRef<Derived>(d);
  EXPECT_EQ(&d, &r2);

  const Derived& r3 = ByRef<const Derived>(d);
  EXPECT_EQ(&d, &r3);

  Base& r4 = ByRef<Base>(d);
  EXPECT_EQ(&d, &r4);

  const Base& r5 = ByRef<const Base>(d);
  EXPECT_EQ(&d, &r5);

  // The following shouldn't compile - we have a negative compilation
  // test for it.
  //
  // Base b;
  // ByRef<Derived>(b);
}

// Tests that Google Mock prints expression ByRef(x) as a reference to x.
TEST(ByRefTest, PrintsCorrectly) {
  int n = 42;
  ::std::stringstream expected, actual;
  testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<const int&>::Print(n, &expected);
  testing::internal::UniversalPrint(ByRef(n), &actual);
  EXPECT_EQ(expected.str(), actual.str());
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STD_UNIQUE_PTR_

std::unique_ptr<int> UniquePtrSource() {
  return std::unique_ptr<int>(new int(19));
}

std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>> VectorUniquePtrSource() {
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>> out;
  out.emplace_back(new int(7));
  return out;
}

TEST(MockMethodTest, CanReturnMoveOnlyValue_Return) {
  MockClass mock;
  std::unique_ptr<int> i(new int(19));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, MakeUnique()).WillOnce(Return(ByMove(std::move(i))));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, MakeVectorUnique())
      .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(VectorUniquePtrSource())));
  Derived* d = new Derived;
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, MakeUniqueBase())
      .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(std::unique_ptr<Derived>(d))));

  std::unique_ptr<int> result1 = mock.MakeUnique();
  EXPECT_EQ(19, *result1);

  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>> vresult = mock.MakeVectorUnique();
  EXPECT_EQ(1u, vresult.size());
  EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vresult[0]);
  EXPECT_EQ(7, *vresult[0]);

  std::unique_ptr<Base> result2 = mock.MakeUniqueBase();
  EXPECT_EQ(d, result2.get());
}

TEST(MockMethodTest, CanReturnMoveOnlyValue_DoAllReturn) {
  testing::MockFunction<void()> mock_function;
  MockClass mock;
  std::unique_ptr<int> i(new int(19));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock_function, Call());
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, MakeUnique()).WillOnce(DoAll(
      InvokeWithoutArgs(&mock_function, &testing::MockFunction<void()>::Call),
      Return(ByMove(std::move(i)))));

  std::unique_ptr<int> result1 = mock.MakeUnique();
  EXPECT_EQ(19, *result1);
}

TEST(MockMethodTest, CanReturnMoveOnlyValue_Invoke) {
  MockClass mock;

  // Check default value
  DefaultValue<std::unique_ptr<int>>::SetFactory([] {
    return std::unique_ptr<int>(new int(42));
  });
  EXPECT_EQ(42, *mock.MakeUnique());

  EXPECT_CALL(mock, MakeUnique()).WillRepeatedly(Invoke(UniquePtrSource));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, MakeVectorUnique())
      .WillRepeatedly(Invoke(VectorUniquePtrSource));
  std::unique_ptr<int> result1 = mock.MakeUnique();
  EXPECT_EQ(19, *result1);
  std::unique_ptr<int> result2 = mock.MakeUnique();
  EXPECT_EQ(19, *result2);
  EXPECT_NE(result1, result2);

  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>> vresult = mock.MakeVectorUnique();
  EXPECT_EQ(1u, vresult.size());
  EXPECT_NE(nullptr, vresult[0]);
  EXPECT_EQ(7, *vresult[0]);
}

TEST(MockMethodTest, CanTakeMoveOnlyValue) {
  MockClass mock;
  auto make = [](int i) { return std::unique_ptr<int>(new int(i)); };

  EXPECT_CALL(mock, TakeUnique(_)).WillRepeatedly([](std::unique_ptr<int> i) {
    return *i;
  });
  // DoAll() does not compile, since it would move from its arguments twice.
  // EXPECT_CALL(mock, TakeUnique(_, _))
  //     .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(Invoke([](std::unique_ptr<int> j) {}),
  //     Return(1)));
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, TakeUnique(testing::Pointee(7)))
      .WillOnce(Return(-7))
      .RetiresOnSaturation();
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, TakeUnique(testing::IsNull()))
      .WillOnce(Return(-1))
      .RetiresOnSaturation();

  EXPECT_EQ(5, mock.TakeUnique(make(5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(-7, mock.TakeUnique(make(7)));
  EXPECT_EQ(7, mock.TakeUnique(make(7)));
  EXPECT_EQ(7, mock.TakeUnique(make(7)));
  EXPECT_EQ(-1, mock.TakeUnique({}));

  // Some arguments are moved, some passed by reference.
  auto lvalue = make(6);
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, TakeUnique(_, _))
      .WillOnce([](const std::unique_ptr<int>& i, std::unique_ptr<int> j) {
        return *i * *j;
      });
  EXPECT_EQ(42, mock.TakeUnique(lvalue, make(7)));

  // The unique_ptr can be saved by the action.
  std::unique_ptr<int> saved;
  EXPECT_CALL(mock, TakeUnique(_)).WillOnce([&saved](std::unique_ptr<int> i) {
    saved = std::move(i);
    return 0;
  });
  EXPECT_EQ(0, mock.TakeUnique(make(42)));
  EXPECT_EQ(42, *saved);
}

#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_UNIQUE_PTR_

#if GTEST_LANG_CXX11
// Tests for std::function based action.

int Add(int val, int& ref, int* ptr) {  // NOLINT
  int result = val + ref + *ptr;
  ref = 42;
  *ptr = 43;
  return result;
}

int Deref(std::unique_ptr<int> ptr) { return *ptr; }

struct Double {
  template <typename T>
  T operator()(T t) { return 2 * t; }
};

std::unique_ptr<int> UniqueInt(int i) {
  return std::unique_ptr<int>(new int(i));
}

TEST(FunctorActionTest, ActionFromFunction) {
  Action<int(int, int&, int*)> a = &Add;
  int x = 1, y = 2, z = 3;
  EXPECT_EQ(6, a.Perform(std::forward_as_tuple(x, y, &z)));
  EXPECT_EQ(42, y);
  EXPECT_EQ(43, z);

  Action<int(std::unique_ptr<int>)> a1 = &Deref;
  EXPECT_EQ(7, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(UniqueInt(7))));
}

TEST(FunctorActionTest, ActionFromLambda) {
  Action<int(bool, int)> a1 = [](bool b, int i) { return b ? i : 0; };
  EXPECT_EQ(5, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(true, 5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(false, 5)));

  std::unique_ptr<int> saved;
  Action<void(std::unique_ptr<int>)> a2 = [&saved](std::unique_ptr<int> p) {
    saved = std::move(p);
  };
  a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(UniqueInt(5)));
  EXPECT_EQ(5, *saved);
}

TEST(FunctorActionTest, PolymorphicFunctor) {
  Action<int(int)> ai = Double();
  EXPECT_EQ(2, ai.Perform(std::make_tuple(1)));
  Action<double(double)> ad = Double();  // Double? Double double!
  EXPECT_EQ(3.0, ad.Perform(std::make_tuple(1.5)));
}

TEST(FunctorActionTest, TypeConversion) {
  // Numeric promotions are allowed.
  const Action<bool(int)> a1 = [](int i) { return i > 1; };
  const Action<int(bool)> a2 = Action<int(bool)>(a1);
  EXPECT_EQ(1, a1.Perform(std::make_tuple(42)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(42)));

  // Implicit constructors are allowed.
  const Action<bool(std::string)> s1 = [](std::string s) { return !s.empty(); };
  const Action<int(const char*)> s2 = Action<int(const char*)>(s1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s2.Perform(std::make_tuple("")));
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s2.Perform(std::make_tuple("hello")));

  // Also between the lambda and the action itself.
  const Action<bool(std::string)> x = [](Unused) { return 42; };
  EXPECT_TRUE(x.Perform(std::make_tuple("hello")));
}

TEST(FunctorActionTest, UnusedArguments) {
  // Verify that users can ignore uninteresting arguments.
  Action<int(int, double y, double z)> a =
      [](int i, Unused, Unused) { return 2 * i; };
  std::tuple<int, double, double> dummy = std::make_tuple(3, 7.3, 9.44);
  EXPECT_EQ(6, a.Perform(dummy));
}

// Test that basic built-in actions work with move-only arguments.
// FIXME: Currently, almost all ActionInterface-based actions will not
// work, even if they only try to use other, copyable arguments. Implement them
// if necessary (but note that DoAll cannot work on non-copyable types anyway -
// so maybe it's better to make users use lambdas instead.
TEST(MoveOnlyArgumentsTest, ReturningActions) {
  Action<int(std::unique_ptr<int>)> a = Return(1);
  EXPECT_EQ(1, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(nullptr)));

  a = testing::WithoutArgs([]() { return 7; });
  EXPECT_EQ(7, a.Perform(std::make_tuple(nullptr)));

  Action<void(std::unique_ptr<int>, int*)> a2 = testing::SetArgPointee<1>(3);
  int x = 0;
  a2.Perform(std::make_tuple(nullptr, &x));
  EXPECT_EQ(x, 3);
}

#endif  // GTEST_LANG_CXX11

}  // Unnamed namespace

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#if _MSC_VER == 1900
#  pragma warning(pop)
#endif
#endif