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Revise documentation to include AbslStringify

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@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
# Advanced googletest Topics
# Advanced GoogleTest Topics
## Introduction
Now that you have read the [googletest Primer](primer.md) and learned how to
write tests using googletest, it's time to learn some new tricks. This document
Now that you have read the [GoogleTest Primer](primer.md) and learned how to
write tests using GoogleTest, it's time to learn some new tricks. This document
will show you more assertions as well as how to construct complex failure
messages, propagate fatal failures, reuse and speed up your test fixtures, and
use various flags with your tests.
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Reference.
### Predicate Assertions for Better Error Messages
Even though googletest has a rich set of assertions, they can never be complete,
Even though GoogleTest has a rich set of assertions, they can never be complete,
as it's impossible (nor a good idea) to anticipate all scenarios a user might
run into. Therefore, sometimes a user has to use `EXPECT_TRUE()` to check a
complex expression, for lack of a better macro. This has the problem of not
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ failure message by themselves, streaming it into `EXPECT_TRUE()`. However, this
is awkward especially when the expression has side-effects or is expensive to
evaluate.
googletest gives you three different options to solve this problem:
GoogleTest gives you three different options to solve this problem:
#### Using an Existing Boolean Function
@ -304,9 +304,9 @@ TEST_F(SkipFixture, SkipsOneTest) {
As with assertion macros, you can stream a custom message into `GTEST_SKIP()`.
## Teaching googletest How to Print Your Values
## Teaching GoogleTest How to Print Your Values
When a test assertion such as `EXPECT_EQ` fails, googletest prints the argument
When a test assertion such as `EXPECT_EQ` fails, GoogleTest prints the argument
values to help you debug. It does this using a user-extensible value printer.
This printer knows how to print built-in C++ types, native arrays, STL
@ -315,73 +315,96 @@ prints the raw bytes in the value and hopes that you the user can figure it out.
As mentioned earlier, the printer is *extensible*. That means you can teach it
to do a better job at printing your particular type than to dump the bytes. To
do that, define `<<` for your type:
```c++
#include <ostream>
do that, define an `AbslStringify()` overload as a `friend` function template
for your type:
```cpp
namespace foo {
class Bar { // We want googletest to be able to print instances of this.
...
// Create a free inline friend function.
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Bar& bar) {
return os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os
class Point { // We want GoogleTest to be able to print instances of this.
...
// Provide a friend overload.
template <typename Sink>
friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const Point& point) {
absl::Format(&sink, "(%d, %d)", point.x, point.y);
}
int x;
int y;
};
// If you can't declare the function in the class it's important that the
// << operator is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Bar. C++'s look-up
// rules rely on that.
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Bar& bar) {
return os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os
// AbslStringify overload is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Point.
// C++'s look-up rules rely on that.
enum class EnumWithStringify { kMany = 0, kChoices = 1 };
template <typename Sink>
void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, EnumWithStringify e) {
absl::Format(&sink, "%s", e == EnumWithStringify::kMany ? "Many" : "Choices");
}
} // namespace foo
```
Sometimes, this might not be an option: your team may consider it bad style to
have a `<<` operator for `Bar`, or `Bar` may already have a `<<` operator that
doesn't do what you want (and you cannot change it). If so, you can instead
define a `PrintTo()` function like this:
{: .callout .note}
Note: `AbslStringify()` utilizes a generic "sink" buffer to construct its
string. For more information about supported operations on `AbslStringify()`'s
sink, see go/abslstringify.
`AbslStringify()` can also use `absl::StrFormat`'s catch-all `%v` type specifier
within its own format strings to perform type deduction. `Point` above could be
formatted as `"(%v, %v)"` for example, and deduce the `int` values as `%d`.
Sometimes, `AbslStringify()` might not be an option: your team may wish to print
types with extra debugging information for testing purposes only. If so, you can
instead define a `PrintTo()` function like this:
```c++
#include <ostream>
namespace foo {
class Bar {
class Point {
...
friend void PrintTo(const Bar& bar, std::ostream* os) {
*os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os
friend void PrintTo(const Point& point, std::ostream* os) {
*os << "(" << point.x << "," << point.y << ")";
}
int x;
int y;
};
// If you can't declare the function in the class it's important that PrintTo()
// is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Bar. C++'s look-up rules rely
// on that.
void PrintTo(const Bar& bar, std::ostream* os) {
*os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os
// is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Point. C++'s look-up rules
// rely on that.
void PrintTo(const Point& point, std::ostream* os) {
*os << "(" << point.x << "," << point.y << ")";
}
} // namespace foo
```
If you have defined both `<<` and `PrintTo()`, the latter will be used when
googletest is concerned. This allows you to customize how the value appears in
googletest's output without affecting code that relies on the behavior of its
`<<` operator.
If you have defined both `AbslStringify()` and `PrintTo()`, the latter will be
used by GoogleTest. This allows you to customize how the value appears in
GoogleTest's output without affecting code that relies on the behavior of
`AbslStringify()`.
If you want to print a value `x` using googletest's value printer yourself, just
If you have an existing `<<` operator and would like to define an
`AbslStringify()`, the latter will be used for GoogleTest printing.
If you want to print a value `x` using GoogleTest's value printer yourself, just
call `::testing::PrintToString(x)`, which returns an `std::string`:
```c++
vector<pair<Bar, int> > bar_ints = GetBarIntVector();
vector<pair<Point, int> > point_ints = GetPointIntVector();
EXPECT_TRUE(IsCorrectBarIntVector(bar_ints))
<< "bar_ints = " << testing::PrintToString(bar_ints);
EXPECT_TRUE(IsCorrectPointIntVector(point_ints))
<< "point_ints = " << testing::PrintToString(point_ints);
```
For more details regarding `AbslStringify()` and its integration with other
libraries, see go/abslstringify.
## Death Tests
In many applications, there are assertions that can cause application failure if
@ -451,7 +474,7 @@ Note that a death test only cares about three things:
3. does the stderr output match `matcher`?
In particular, if `statement` generates an `ASSERT_*` or `EXPECT_*` failure, it
will **not** cause the death test to fail, as googletest assertions don't abort
will **not** cause the death test to fail, as GoogleTest assertions don't abort
the process.
### Death Test Naming
@ -482,14 +505,14 @@ TEST_F(FooDeathTest, DoesThat) {
### Regular Expression Syntax
When built with Bazel and using Abseil, googletest uses the
When built with Bazel and using Abseil, GoogleTest uses the
[RE2](https://github.com/google/re2/wiki/Syntax) syntax. Otherwise, for POSIX
systems (Linux, Cygwin, Mac), googletest uses the
systems (Linux, Cygwin, Mac), GoogleTest uses the
[POSIX extended regular expression](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_04)
syntax. To learn about POSIX syntax, you may want to read this
[Wikipedia entry](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression#POSIX_extended).
On Windows, googletest uses its own simple regular expression implementation. It
On Windows, GoogleTest uses its own simple regular expression implementation. It
lacks many features. For example, we don't support union (`"x|y"`), grouping
(`"(xy)"`), brackets (`"[xy]"`), and repetition count (`"x{5,7}"`), among
others. Below is what we do support (`A` denotes a literal character, period
@ -519,7 +542,7 @@ Expression | Meaning
`$` | matches the end of a string (not that of each line)
`xy` | matches `x` followed by `y`
To help you determine which capability is available on your system, googletest
To help you determine which capability is available on your system, GoogleTest
defines macros to govern which regular expression it is using. The macros are:
`GTEST_USES_SIMPLE_RE=1` or `GTEST_USES_POSIX_RE=1`. If you want your death
tests to work in all cases, you can either `#if` on these macros or use the more
@ -539,7 +562,7 @@ arrange that kind of environment. For example, statically-initialized modules
may start threads before main is ever reached. Once threads have been created,
it may be difficult or impossible to clean them up.
googletest has three features intended to raise awareness of threading issues.
GoogleTest has three features intended to raise awareness of threading issues.
1. A warning is emitted if multiple threads are running when a death test is
encountered.
@ -592,7 +615,7 @@ TEST(MyDeathTest, TestTwo) {
The `statement` argument of `ASSERT_EXIT()` can be any valid C++ statement. If
it leaves the current function via a `return` statement or by throwing an
exception, the death test is considered to have failed. Some googletest macros
exception, the death test is considered to have failed. Some GoogleTest macros
may return from the current function (e.g. `ASSERT_TRUE()`), so be sure to avoid
them in `statement`.
@ -726,7 +749,7 @@ TEST(FooTest, Bar) {
}
```
To alleviate this, googletest provides three different solutions. You could use
To alleviate this, GoogleTest provides three different solutions. You could use
either exceptions, the `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_NO_FATAL_FAILURE` assertions or the
`HasFatalFailure()` function. They are described in the following two
subsections.
@ -760,7 +783,7 @@ in it, the test will continue after the subroutine returns. This may not be what
you want.
Often people want fatal failures to propagate like exceptions. For that
googletest offers the following macros:
GoogleTest offers the following macros:
Fatal assertion | Nonfatal assertion | Verifies
------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | --------
@ -852,7 +875,7 @@ will output XML like this:
> needs to be prefixed with `::testing::Test::` if used outside of the
> `TEST` body and the test fixture class.
> * *`key`* must be a valid XML attribute name, and cannot conflict with the
> ones already used by googletest (`name`, `status`, `time`, `classname`,
> ones already used by GoogleTest (`name`, `status`, `time`, `classname`,
> `type_param`, and `value_param`).
> * Calling `RecordProperty()` outside of the lifespan of a test is allowed.
> If it's called outside of a test but between a test suite's
@ -863,13 +886,13 @@ will output XML like this:
## Sharing Resources Between Tests in the Same Test Suite
googletest creates a new test fixture object for each test in order to make
GoogleTest creates a new test fixture object for each test in order to make
tests independent and easier to debug. However, sometimes tests use resources
that are expensive to set up, making the one-copy-per-test model prohibitively
expensive.
If the tests don't change the resource, there's no harm in their sharing a
single resource copy. So, in addition to per-test set-up/tear-down, googletest
single resource copy. So, in addition to per-test set-up/tear-down, GoogleTest
also supports per-test-suite set-up/tear-down. To use it:
1. In your test fixture class (say `FooTest` ), declare as `static` some member
@ -881,7 +904,7 @@ also supports per-test-suite set-up/tear-down. To use it:
`u`!) to set up the shared resources and a `static void TearDownTestSuite()`
function to tear them down.
That's it! googletest automatically calls `SetUpTestSuite()` before running the
That's it! GoogleTest automatically calls `SetUpTestSuite()` before running the
*first test* in the `FooTest` test suite (i.e. before creating the first
`FooTest` object), and calls `TearDownTestSuite()` after running the *last test*
in it (i.e. after deleting the last `FooTest` object). In between, the tests can
@ -974,7 +997,7 @@ class Environment : public ::testing::Environment {
};
```
Then, you register an instance of your environment class with googletest by
Then, you register an instance of your environment class with GoogleTest by
calling the `::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` function:
```c++
@ -991,7 +1014,7 @@ It's OK to register multiple environment objects. In this suite, their `SetUp()`
will be called in the order they are registered, and their `TearDown()` will be
called in the reverse order.
Note that googletest takes ownership of the registered environment objects.
Note that GoogleTest takes ownership of the registered environment objects.
Therefore **do not delete them** by yourself.
You should call `AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` before `RUN_ALL_TESTS()` is called,
@ -1501,12 +1524,12 @@ To test them, we use the following special techniques:
## "Catching" Failures
If you are building a testing utility on top of googletest, you'll want to test
your utility. What framework would you use to test it? googletest, of course.
If you are building a testing utility on top of GoogleTest, you'll want to test
your utility. What framework would you use to test it? GoogleTest, of course.
The challenge is to verify that your testing utility reports failures correctly.
In frameworks that report a failure by throwing an exception, you could catch
the exception and assert on it. But googletest doesn't use exceptions, so how do
the exception and assert on it. But GoogleTest doesn't use exceptions, so how do
we test that a piece of code generates an expected failure?
`"gtest/gtest-spi.h"` contains some constructs to do this.
@ -1649,9 +1672,9 @@ particular, you cannot find the test suite name in `SetUpTestSuite()`,
`TearDownTestSuite()` (where you know the test suite name implicitly), or
functions called from them.
## Extending googletest by Handling Test Events
## Extending GoogleTest by Handling Test Events
googletest provides an **event listener API** to let you receive notifications
GoogleTest provides an **event listener API** to let you receive notifications
about the progress of a test program and test failures. The events you can
listen to include the start and end of the test program, a test suite, or a test
method, among others. You may use this API to augment or replace the standard
@ -1712,7 +1735,7 @@ Here's an example:
### Using Event Listeners
To use the event listener you have defined, add an instance of it to the
googletest event listener list (represented by class
GoogleTest event listener list (represented by class
[`TestEventListeners`](reference/testing.md#TestEventListeners) - note the "s"
at the end of the name) in your `main()` function, before calling
`RUN_ALL_TESTS()`:
@ -1723,7 +1746,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// Gets hold of the event listener list.
testing::TestEventListeners& listeners =
testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners();
// Adds a listener to the end. googletest takes the ownership.
// Adds a listener to the end. GoogleTest takes the ownership.
listeners.Append(new MinimalistPrinter);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
@ -1775,7 +1798,7 @@ See [sample10_unittest.cc] for an example of a failure-raising listener.
## Running Test Programs: Advanced Options
googletest test programs are ordinary executables. Once built, you can run them
GoogleTest test programs are ordinary executables. Once built, you can run them
directly and affect their behavior via the following environment variables
and/or command line flags. For the flags to work, your programs must call
`::testing::InitGoogleTest()` before calling `RUN_ALL_TESTS()`.
@ -1808,10 +1831,10 @@ corresponding environment variable for this flag.
#### Running a Subset of the Tests
By default, a googletest program runs all tests the user has defined. Sometimes,
By default, a GoogleTest program runs all tests the user has defined. Sometimes,
you want to run only a subset of the tests (e.g. for debugging or quickly
verifying a change). If you set the `GTEST_FILTER` environment variable or the
`--gtest_filter` flag to a filter string, googletest will only run the tests
`--gtest_filter` flag to a filter string, GoogleTest will only run the tests
whose full names (in the form of `TestSuiteName.TestName`) match the filter.
The format of a filter is a '`:`'-separated list of wildcard patterns (called
@ -1842,7 +1865,7 @@ For example:
#### Stop test execution upon first failure
By default, a googletest program runs all tests the user has defined. In some
By default, a GoogleTest program runs all tests the user has defined. In some
cases (e.g. iterative test development & execution) it may be desirable stop
test execution upon first failure (trading improved latency for completeness).
If `GTEST_FAIL_FAST` environment variable or `--gtest_fail_fast` flag is set,
@ -1859,7 +1882,7 @@ If you need to disable all tests in a test suite, you can either add `DISABLED_`
to the front of the name of each test, or alternatively add it to the front of
the test suite name.
For example, the following tests won't be run by googletest, even though they
For example, the following tests won't be run by GoogleTest, even though they
will still be compiled:
```c++
@ -1874,7 +1897,7 @@ TEST_F(DISABLED_BarTest, DoesXyz) { ... }
{: .callout .note}
NOTE: This feature should only be used for temporary pain-relief. You still have
to fix the disabled tests at a later date. As a reminder, googletest will print
to fix the disabled tests at a later date. As a reminder, GoogleTest will print
a banner warning you if a test program contains any disabled tests.
{: .callout .tip}
@ -1932,16 +1955,16 @@ You can specify the `--gtest_shuffle` flag (or set the `GTEST_SHUFFLE`
environment variable to `1`) to run the tests in a program in a random order.
This helps to reveal bad dependencies between tests.
By default, googletest uses a random seed calculated from the current time.
By default, GoogleTest uses a random seed calculated from the current time.
Therefore you'll get a different order every time. The console output includes
the random seed value, such that you can reproduce an order-related test failure
later. To specify the random seed explicitly, use the `--gtest_random_seed=SEED`
flag (or set the `GTEST_RANDOM_SEED` environment variable), where `SEED` is an
integer in the range [0, 99999]. The seed value 0 is special: it tells
googletest to do the default behavior of calculating the seed from the current
GoogleTest to do the default behavior of calculating the seed from the current
time.
If you combine this with `--gtest_repeat=N`, googletest will pick a different
If you combine this with `--gtest_repeat=N`, GoogleTest will pick a different
random seed and re-shuffle the tests in each iteration.
### Distributing Test Functions to Multiple Machines
@ -2000,7 +2023,7 @@ shards, but here's one possible scenario:
#### Colored Terminal Output
googletest can use colors in its terminal output to make it easier to spot the
GoogleTest can use colors in its terminal output to make it easier to spot the
important information:
<pre>...
@ -2025,25 +2048,25 @@ important information:
You can set the `GTEST_COLOR` environment variable or the `--gtest_color`
command line flag to `yes`, `no`, or `auto` (the default) to enable colors,
disable colors, or let googletest decide. When the value is `auto`, googletest
disable colors, or let GoogleTest decide. When the value is `auto`, GoogleTest
will use colors if and only if the output goes to a terminal and (on non-Windows
platforms) the `TERM` environment variable is set to `xterm` or `xterm-color`.
#### Suppressing test passes
By default, googletest prints 1 line of output for each test, indicating if it
By default, GoogleTest prints 1 line of output for each test, indicating if it
passed or failed. To show only test failures, run the test program with
`--gtest_brief=1`, or set the GTEST_BRIEF environment variable to `1`.
#### Suppressing the Elapsed Time
By default, googletest prints the time it takes to run each test. To disable
By default, GoogleTest prints the time it takes to run each test. To disable
that, run the test program with the `--gtest_print_time=0` command line flag, or
set the GTEST_PRINT_TIME environment variable to `0`.
#### Suppressing UTF-8 Text Output
In case of assertion failures, googletest prints expected and actual values of
In case of assertion failures, GoogleTest prints expected and actual values of
type `string` both as hex-encoded strings as well as in readable UTF-8 text if
they contain valid non-ASCII UTF-8 characters. If you want to suppress the UTF-8
text because, for example, you don't have an UTF-8 compatible output medium, run
@ -2052,7 +2075,7 @@ environment variable to `0`.
#### Generating an XML Report
googletest can emit a detailed XML report to a file in addition to its normal
GoogleTest can emit a detailed XML report to a file in addition to its normal
textual output. The report contains the duration of each test, and thus can help
you identify slow tests.
@ -2063,15 +2086,15 @@ in which case the output can be found in the `test_detail.xml` file in the
current directory.
If you specify a directory (for example, `"xml:output/directory/"` on Linux or
`"xml:output\directory\"` on Windows), googletest will create the XML file in
`"xml:output\directory\"` on Windows), GoogleTest will create the XML file in
that directory, named after the test executable (e.g. `foo_test.xml` for test
program `foo_test` or `foo_test.exe`). If the file already exists (perhaps left
over from a previous run), googletest will pick a different name (e.g.
over from a previous run), GoogleTest will pick a different name (e.g.
`foo_test_1.xml`) to avoid overwriting it.
The report is based on the `junitreport` Ant task. Since that format was
originally intended for Java, a little interpretation is required to make it
apply to googletest tests, as shown here:
apply to GoogleTest tests, as shown here:
```xml
<testsuites name="AllTests" ...>
@ -2086,8 +2109,8 @@ apply to googletest tests, as shown here:
```
* The root `<testsuites>` element corresponds to the entire test program.
* `<testsuite>` elements correspond to googletest test suites.
* `<testcase>` elements correspond to googletest test functions.
* `<testsuite>` elements correspond to GoogleTest test suites.
* `<testcase>` elements correspond to GoogleTest test functions.
For instance, the following program
@ -2120,7 +2143,7 @@ could generate this report:
Things to note:
* The `tests` attribute of a `<testsuites>` or `<testsuite>` element tells how
many test functions the googletest program or test suite contains, while the
many test functions the GoogleTest program or test suite contains, while the
`failures` attribute tells how many of them failed.
* The `time` attribute expresses the duration of the test, test suite, or
@ -2132,12 +2155,12 @@ Things to note:
* The `file` and `line` attributes record the source file location, where the
test was defined.
* Each `<failure>` element corresponds to a single failed googletest
* Each `<failure>` element corresponds to a single failed GoogleTest
assertion.
#### Generating a JSON Report
googletest can also emit a JSON report as an alternative format to XML. To
GoogleTest can also emit a JSON report as an alternative format to XML. To
generate the JSON report, set the `GTEST_OUTPUT` environment variable or the
`--gtest_output` flag to the string `"json:path_to_output_file"`, which will
create the file at the given location. You can also just use the string
@ -2362,7 +2385,7 @@ variable has been set.
When running test programs under a debugger, it's very convenient if the
debugger can catch an assertion failure and automatically drop into interactive
mode. googletest's *break-on-failure* mode supports this behavior.
mode. GoogleTest's *break-on-failure* mode supports this behavior.
To enable it, set the `GTEST_BREAK_ON_FAILURE` environment variable to a value
other than `0`. Alternatively, you can use the `--gtest_break_on_failure`
@ -2370,9 +2393,9 @@ command line flag.
#### Disabling Catching Test-Thrown Exceptions
googletest can be used either with or without exceptions enabled. If a test
GoogleTest can be used either with or without exceptions enabled. If a test
throws a C++ exception or (on Windows) a structured exception (SEH), by default
googletest catches it, reports it as a test failure, and continues with the next
GoogleTest catches it, reports it as a test failure, and continues with the next
test method. This maximizes the coverage of a test run. Also, on Windows an
uncaught exception will cause a pop-up window, so catching the exceptions allows
you to run the tests automatically.
@ -2410,4 +2433,4 @@ void __tsan_on_report() {
```
After compiling your project with one of the sanitizers enabled, if a particular
test triggers a sanitizer error, googletest will report that it failed.
test triggers a sanitizer error, GoogleTest will report that it failed.