Move chrono_io.h functionality into date.h.

README.md

@@ -17,13 +17,11 @@ This is actually several separate C++11/C++14 libraries:
 
     Here are the Cppcon 2016 slides on tz.h: http://schd.ws/hosted_files/cppcon2016/0f/Welcome%20To%20The%20Time%20Zone%20-%20Howard%20Hinnant%20-%20CppCon%202016.pdf
 
-3.  `"chrono_io.h"` is a header-only library for streaming out chrono durations.  See http://howardhinnant.github.io/date/chrono_io.html for more details.
+3. `"iso_week.h"` is a header-only library built on top of the `"date.h"` library which implements the ISO week date calendar.  See http://howardhinnant.github.io/date/iso_week.html for more details.
 
-4. `"iso_week.h"` is a header-only library built on top of the `"date.h"` library which implements the ISO week date calendar.  See http://howardhinnant.github.io/date/iso_week.html for more details.
+4. `"julian.h"` is a header-only library built on top of the `"date.h"` library which implements a proleptic Julian calendar which is fully interoperable with everything above.  See http://howardhinnant.github.io/date/julian.html for more details.
 
-5. `"julian.h"` is a header-only library built on top of the `"date.h"` library which implements a proleptic Julian calendar which is fully interoperable with everything above.  See http://howardhinnant.github.io/date/julian.html for more details.
+5. `"islamic.h"` is a header-only library built on top of the `"date.h"` library which implements a proleptic Islamic calendar which is fully interoperable with everything above.  See http://howardhinnant.github.io/date/islamic.html for more details.
-
-6. `"islamic.h"` is a header-only library built on top of the `"date.h"` library which implements a proleptic Islamic calendar which is fully interoperable with everything above.  See http://howardhinnant.github.io/date/islamic.html for more details.
 
 There has been a recent change in the library design.  If you are trying to migrate from the previous design, rename `day_point` to `sys_days` everywhere, and that ought to bring the number of errors down to a small roar.
 

chrono_io.h

@@ -27,651 +27,8 @@
 // been invented (that would involve another several millennia of evolution).
 // We did not mean to shout.
 
-#include <chrono>
+// This functionality has moved to "date.h"
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <iosfwd>
-#include <ratio>
-#include <string>
-#include <type_traits>
 
-namespace date
+#include "date.h"
-{
-
-namespace detail
-{
-
-#if __cplusplus >= 201402
-
-template <class CharT, std::size_t N>
-class string_literal
-{
-    CharT p_[N];
-
-public:
-    using const_iterator = const CharT*;
-
-    string_literal(string_literal const&) = default;
-    string_literal& operator=(string_literal const&) = delete;
-
-    template <std::size_t N1 = 2,
-              class = std::enable_if_t<N1 == N>>
-    constexpr string_literal(CharT c) noexcept
-        : p_{c}
-    {
-    }
-
-    constexpr string_literal(const CharT(&a)[N]) noexcept
-        : p_{}
-    {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
-            p_[i] = a[i];
-    }
-
-    template <class U = CharT, class = std::enable_if_t<1 < sizeof(U)>>
-    constexpr string_literal(const char(&a)[N]) noexcept
-        : p_{}
-    {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
-            p_[i] = a[i];
-    }
-
-    template <class CharT2, class = std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<CharT2, CharT>{}>>
-    constexpr string_literal(string_literal<CharT2, N> const& a) noexcept
-        : p_{}
-    {
-        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
-            p_[i] = a[i];
-    }
-
-    template <std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2,
-              class = std::enable_if_t<N1 + N2 - 1 == N>>
-    constexpr string_literal(const string_literal<CharT, N1>& x,
-                             const string_literal<CharT, N2>& y) noexcept
-        : p_{}
-    {
-        std::size_t i = 0;
-        for (; i < N1-1; ++i)
-            p_[i] = x[i];
-        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < N2; ++j, ++i)
-            p_[i] = y[j];
-    }
-
-    constexpr const CharT* data() const noexcept {return p_;}
-    constexpr std::size_t size() const noexcept {return N-1;}
-
-    constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept {return p_;}
-    constexpr const_iterator end()   const noexcept {return p_ + N-1;}
-
-    constexpr CharT const& operator[](std::size_t n) const noexcept
-    {
-        return p_[n];
-    }
-
-    template <class Traits>
-    friend
-    std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>&
-    operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os, const string_literal& s)
-    {
-        return os << s.p_;
-    }
-};
-
-template <class CharT1, class CharT2, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
-constexpr
-inline
-string_literal<std::conditional_t<sizeof(CharT2) <= sizeof(CharT1), CharT1, CharT2>,
-               N1 + N2 - 1>
-operator+(const string_literal<CharT1, N1>& x, const string_literal<CharT2, N2>& y) noexcept
-{
-    using CharT = std::conditional_t<sizeof(CharT2) <= sizeof(CharT1), CharT1, CharT2>;
-    return string_literal<CharT, N1 + N2 - 1>{string_literal<CharT, N1>{x},
-                                              string_literal<CharT, N2>{y}};
-}
-
-template <class CharT, class Traits, class Alloc, std::size_t N>
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT, Traits, Alloc>
-operator+(std::basic_string<CharT, Traits, Alloc> x,
-          const string_literal<CharT, N>& y) noexcept
-{
-    x.append(y.data(), y.size());
-    return x;
-}
-
-template <class CharT, std::size_t N>
-constexpr
-inline
-string_literal<CharT, N>
-msl(const CharT(&a)[N]) noexcept
-{
-    return string_literal<CharT, N>{a};
-}
-
-template <class CharT,
-          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<CharT, char>{} ||
-                                   std::is_same<CharT, wchar_t>{} ||
-                                   std::is_same<CharT, char16_t>{} ||
-                                   std::is_same<CharT, char32_t>{}>>
-constexpr
-inline
-string_literal<CharT, 2>
-msl(CharT c) noexcept
-{
-    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{c};
-}
-
-constexpr
-std::size_t
-to_string_len(std::intmax_t i)
-{
-    std::size_t r = 0;
-    do
-    {
-        i /= 10;
-        ++r;
-    } while (i > 0);
-    return r;
-}
-
-template <std::intmax_t N>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::enable_if_t
-<
-    N < 10,
-    string_literal<char, to_string_len(N)+1>
->
-msl() noexcept
-{
-    return msl(char(N % 10 + '0'));
-}
-
-template <std::intmax_t N>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::enable_if_t
-<
-    10 <= N,
-    string_literal<char, to_string_len(N)+1>
->
-msl() noexcept
-{
-    return msl<N/10>() + msl(char(N % 10 + '0'));
-}
-
-template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::enable_if_t
-<
-    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den != 1,
-    string_literal<CharT, to_string_len(std::ratio<N, D>::type::num) +
-                          to_string_len(std::ratio<N, D>::type::den) + 4>
->
-msl(std::ratio<N, D>) noexcept
-{
-    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
-    return msl(CharT{'['}) + msl<R::num>() + msl(CharT{'/'}) +
-                             msl<R::den>() + msl(CharT{']'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::enable_if_t
-<
-    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den == 1,
-    string_literal<CharT, to_string_len(std::ratio<N, D>::type::num) + 3>
->
-msl(std::ratio<N, D>) noexcept
-{
-    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
-    return msl(CharT{'['}) + msl<R::num>() + msl(CharT{']'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::atto) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'a'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::femto) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'f'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::pico) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'p'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::nano) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'n'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::enable_if_t
-<
-    std::is_same<CharT, char>{},
-    string_literal<char, 3>
->
-msl(std::micro) noexcept
-{
-    return string_literal<char, 3>{"\xC2\xB5"};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::enable_if_t
-<
-    !std::is_same<CharT, char>{},
-    string_literal<CharT, 2>
->
-msl(std::micro) noexcept
-{
-    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{CharT{static_cast<unsigned char>('\xB5')}};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::milli) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'m'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::centi) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'c'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::deci) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'d'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::deca) noexcept
-{
-    return string_literal<CharT, 3>{"da"};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::hecto) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'h'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::kilo) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'k'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::mega) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'M'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::giga) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'G'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::tera) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'T'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::peta) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'P'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-auto
-msl(std::exa) noexcept
-{
-    return msl(CharT{'E'});
-}
-
-template <class CharT, class Period>
-constexpr
-auto
-get_units(Period p)
-{
-    return msl<CharT>(p) + string_literal<CharT, 2>{"s"};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-auto
-get_units(std::ratio<1>)
-{
-    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{"s"};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-auto
-get_units(std::ratio<60>)
-{
-    return string_literal<CharT, 4>{"min"};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-auto
-get_units(std::ratio<3600>)
-{
-    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{"h"};
-}
-
-#else  //  __cplusplus < 201402
-
-inline
-std::string
-to_string(std::uint64_t x)
-{
-    return std::to_string(x);
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-to_string(std::uint64_t x)
-{
-    auto y = std::to_string(x);
-    return std::basic_string<CharT>(y.begin(), y.end());
-}
-
-template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
-constexpr
-inline
-typename std::enable_if
-<
-    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den != 1,
-    std::basic_string<CharT>
->::type
-msl(std::ratio<N, D>) noexcept
-{
-    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
-    return std::basic_string<CharT>(1, '[') + to_string<CharT>(R::num) + CharT{'/'} +
-                                              to_string<CharT>(R::den) + CharT{']'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
-constexpr
-inline
-typename std::enable_if
-<
-    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den == 1,
-    std::basic_string<CharT>
->::type
-msl(std::ratio<N, D>) noexcept
-{
-    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
-    return std::basic_string<CharT>(1, '[') + to_string<CharT>(R::num) + CharT{']'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::atto) noexcept
-{
-    return {'a'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::femto) noexcept
-{
-    return {'f'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::pico) noexcept
-{
-    return {'p'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::nano) noexcept
-{
-    return {'n'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-typename std::enable_if
-<
-    std::is_same<CharT, char>::value,
-    std::string
->::type
-msl(std::micro) noexcept
-{
-    return "\xC2\xB5";
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-typename std::enable_if
-<
-    !std::is_same<CharT, char>::value,
-    std::basic_string<CharT>
->::type
-msl(std::micro) noexcept
-{
-    return {CharT(static_cast<unsigned char>('\xB5'))};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::milli) noexcept
-{
-    return {'m'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::centi) noexcept
-{
-    return {'c'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::deci) noexcept
-{
-    return {'d'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::deca) noexcept
-{
-    return {'d', 'a'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::hecto) noexcept
-{
-    return {'h'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::kilo) noexcept
-{
-    return {'k'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::mega) noexcept
-{
-    return {'M'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::giga) noexcept
-{
-    return {'G'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::tera) noexcept
-{
-    return {'T'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::peta) noexcept
-{
-    return {'P'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-constexpr
-inline
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-msl(std::exa) noexcept
-{
-    return {'E'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT, class Period>
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-get_units(Period p)
-{
-    return msl<CharT>(p) + CharT{'s'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-get_units(std::ratio<1>)
-{
-    return {'s'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-get_units(std::ratio<60>)
-{
-    return {'m', 'i', 'n'};
-}
-
-template <class CharT>
-std::basic_string<CharT>
-get_units(std::ratio<3600>)
-{
-    return {'h'};
-}
-
-#endif  //  __cplusplus >= 201402
-
-}  // namespace detail
-
-template <class CharT, class Traits, class Rep, class Period>
-inline
-std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>&
-operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os,
-           const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& d)
-{
-    using namespace std;
-    return os << to_string(d.count()) + detail::get_units<CharT>(typename Period::type{});
-}
-
-}  // namespace date
 
 #endif  // CHRONO_IO_H

date.h

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #if !(__cplusplus >= 201402)
 #  include <cmath>
 #endif
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <ctime>
@@ -6654,6 +6655,677 @@ parse(const CharT* format, Parsable& tp,
     return {format, tp, &abbrev, &offset};
 }
 
+// duration streaming
+
+namespace detail
+{
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402
+
+template <class CharT, std::size_t N>
+class string_literal
+{
+    CharT p_[N];
+
+public:
+    using const_iterator = const CharT*;
+
+    string_literal(string_literal const&) = default;
+    string_literal& operator=(string_literal const&) = delete;
+
+    template <std::size_t N1 = 2,
+              class = std::enable_if_t<N1 == N>>
+    CONSTCD14 string_literal(CharT c) NOEXCEPT
+        : p_{c}
+    {
+    }
+
+    CONSTCD14 string_literal(const CharT(&a)[N]) NOEXCEPT
+        : p_{}
+    {
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+            p_[i] = a[i];
+    }
+
+    template <class U = CharT, class = std::enable_if_t<1 < sizeof(U)>>
+    CONSTCD14 string_literal(const char(&a)[N]) NOEXCEPT
+        : p_{}
+    {
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+            p_[i] = a[i];
+    }
+
+    template <class CharT2, class = std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same<CharT2, CharT>{}>>
+    CONSTCD14 string_literal(string_literal<CharT2, N> const& a) NOEXCEPT
+        : p_{}
+    {
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+            p_[i] = a[i];
+    }
+
+    template <std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2,
+              class = std::enable_if_t<N1 + N2 - 1 == N>>
+    CONSTCD14 string_literal(const string_literal<CharT, N1>& x,
+                             const string_literal<CharT, N2>& y) NOEXCEPT
+        : p_{}
+    {
+        std::size_t i = 0;
+        for (; i < N1-1; ++i)
+            p_[i] = x[i];
+        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < N2; ++j, ++i)
+            p_[i] = y[j];
+    }
+
+    CONSTCD14 const CharT* data() const NOEXCEPT {return p_;}
+    CONSTCD14 std::size_t size() const NOEXCEPT {return N-1;}
+
+    CONSTCD14 const_iterator begin() const NOEXCEPT {return p_;}
+    CONSTCD14 const_iterator end()   const NOEXCEPT {return p_ + N-1;}
+
+    CONSTCD14 CharT const& operator[](std::size_t n) const NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return p_[n];
+    }
+
+    template <class Traits>
+    friend
+    std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>&
+    operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os, const string_literal& s)
+    {
+        return os << s.p_;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class CharT1, class CharT2, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+string_literal<std::conditional_t<sizeof(CharT2) <= sizeof(CharT1), CharT1, CharT2>,
+               N1 + N2 - 1>
+operator+(const string_literal<CharT1, N1>& x, const string_literal<CharT2, N2>& y) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    using CharT = std::conditional_t<sizeof(CharT2) <= sizeof(CharT1), CharT1, CharT2>;
+    return string_literal<CharT, N1 + N2 - 1>{string_literal<CharT, N1>{x},
+                                              string_literal<CharT, N2>{y}};
+}
+
+template <class CharT, class Traits, class Alloc, std::size_t N>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT, Traits, Alloc>
+operator+(std::basic_string<CharT, Traits, Alloc> x,
+          const string_literal<CharT, N>& y) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    x.append(y.data(), y.size());
+    return x;
+}
+
+template <class CharT, std::size_t N>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+string_literal<CharT, N>
+msl(const CharT(&a)[N]) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return string_literal<CharT, N>{a};
+}
+
+template <class CharT,
+          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_same<CharT, char>{} ||
+                                   std::is_same<CharT, wchar_t>{} ||
+                                   std::is_same<CharT, char16_t>{} ||
+                                   std::is_same<CharT, char32_t>{}>>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+string_literal<CharT, 2>
+msl(CharT c) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{c};
+}
+
+CONSTCD14
+std::size_t
+to_string_len(std::intmax_t i)
+{
+    std::size_t r = 0;
+    do
+    {
+        i /= 10;
+        ++r;
+    } while (i > 0);
+    return r;
+}
+
+template <std::intmax_t N>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+std::enable_if_t
+<
+    N < 10,
+    string_literal<char, to_string_len(N)+1>
+>
+msl() NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(char(N % 10 + '0'));
+}
+
+template <std::intmax_t N>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+std::enable_if_t
+<
+    10 <= N,
+    string_literal<char, to_string_len(N)+1>
+>
+msl() NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl<N/10>() + msl(char(N % 10 + '0'));
+}
+
+template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+std::enable_if_t
+<
+    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den != 1,
+    string_literal<CharT, to_string_len(std::ratio<N, D>::type::num) +
+                          to_string_len(std::ratio<N, D>::type::den) + 4>
+>
+msl(std::ratio<N, D>) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
+    return msl(CharT{'['}) + msl<R::num>() + msl(CharT{'/'}) +
+                             msl<R::den>() + msl(CharT{']'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+std::enable_if_t
+<
+    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den == 1,
+    string_literal<CharT, to_string_len(std::ratio<N, D>::type::num) + 3>
+>
+msl(std::ratio<N, D>) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
+    return msl(CharT{'['}) + msl<R::num>() + msl(CharT{']'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::atto) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'a'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::femto) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'f'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::pico) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'p'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::nano) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'n'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+std::enable_if_t
+<
+    std::is_same<CharT, char>{},
+    string_literal<char, 3>
+>
+msl(std::micro) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return string_literal<char, 3>{"\xC2\xB5"};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+std::enable_if_t
+<
+    !std::is_same<CharT, char>{},
+    string_literal<CharT, 2>
+>
+msl(std::micro) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{CharT{static_cast<unsigned char>('\xB5')}};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::milli) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'m'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::centi) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'c'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::deci) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'d'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::deca) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return string_literal<CharT, 3>{"da"};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::hecto) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'h'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::kilo) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'k'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::mega) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'M'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::giga) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'G'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::tera) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'T'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::peta) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'P'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+inline
+auto
+msl(std::exa) NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return msl(CharT{'E'});
+}
+
+template <class CharT, class Period>
+CONSTCD14
+auto
+get_units(Period p)
+{
+    return msl<CharT>(p) + string_literal<CharT, 2>{"s"};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+auto
+get_units(std::ratio<1>)
+{
+    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{"s"};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+auto
+get_units(std::ratio<60>)
+{
+    return string_literal<CharT, 4>{"min"};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+CONSTCD14
+auto
+get_units(std::ratio<3600>)
+{
+    return string_literal<CharT, 2>{"h"};
+}
+
+#else  //  __cplusplus < 201402
+
+inline
+std::string
+to_string(std::uint64_t x)
+{
+    return std::to_string(x);
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+to_string(std::uint64_t x)
+{
+    auto y = std::to_string(x);
+    return std::basic_string<CharT>(y.begin(), y.end());
+}
+
+template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
+inline
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den != 1,
+    std::basic_string<CharT>
+>::type
+msl(std::ratio<N, D>)
+{
+    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
+    return std::basic_string<CharT>(1, '[') + to_string<CharT>(R::num) + CharT{'/'} +
+                                              to_string<CharT>(R::den) + CharT{']'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT, std::intmax_t N, std::intmax_t D>
+inline
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::ratio<N, D>::type::den == 1,
+    std::basic_string<CharT>
+>::type
+msl(std::ratio<N, D>)
+{
+    using R = typename std::ratio<N, D>::type;
+    return std::basic_string<CharT>(1, '[') + to_string<CharT>(R::num) + CharT{']'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::atto)
+{
+    return {'a'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::femto)
+{
+    return {'f'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::pico)
+{
+    return {'p'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::nano)
+{
+    return {'n'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    std::is_same<CharT, char>::value,
+    std::string
+>::type
+msl(std::micro)
+{
+    return "\xC2\xB5";
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+typename std::enable_if
+<
+    !std::is_same<CharT, char>::value,
+    std::basic_string<CharT>
+>::type
+msl(std::micro)
+{
+    return {CharT(static_cast<unsigned char>('\xB5'))};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::milli)
+{
+    return {'m'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::centi)
+{
+    return {'c'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::deci)
+{
+    return {'d'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::deca)
+{
+    return {'d', 'a'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::hecto)
+{
+    return {'h'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::kilo)
+{
+    return {'k'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::mega)
+{
+    return {'M'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::giga)
+{
+    return {'G'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::tera)
+{
+    return {'T'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::peta)
+{
+    return {'P'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+inline
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+msl(std::exa)
+{
+    return {'E'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT, class Period>
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+get_units(Period p)
+{
+    return msl<CharT>(p) + CharT{'s'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+get_units(std::ratio<1>)
+{
+    return {'s'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+get_units(std::ratio<60>)
+{
+    return {'m', 'i', 'n'};
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+std::basic_string<CharT>
+get_units(std::ratio<3600>)
+{
+    return {'h'};
+}
+
+#endif  //  __cplusplus >= 201402
+
+template <class CharT, class Traits = std::char_traits<CharT>>
+struct make_string;
+
+template <>
+struct make_string<char>
+{
+    template <class Rep>
+    static
+    std::string
+    from(Rep n)
+    {
+        return std::to_string(n);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class Traits>
+struct make_string<char, Traits>
+{
+    template <class Rep>
+    static
+    std::basic_string<char, Traits>
+    from(Rep n)
+    {
+        auto s = std::to_string(n);
+        return std::basic_string<char, Traits>(s.begin(), s.end());
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct make_string<wchar_t>
+{
+    template <class Rep>
+    static
+    std::wstring
+    from(Rep n)
+    {
+        return std::to_wstring(n);
+    }
+};
+
+template <class Traits>
+struct make_string<wchar_t, Traits>
+{
+    template <class Rep>
+    static
+    std::wstring
+    from(Rep n)
+    {
+        auto s = std::to_wstring(n);
+        return std::basic_string<wchar_t, Traits>(s.begin(), s.end());
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <class CharT, class Traits, class Rep, class Period>
+inline
+std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>&
+operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os,
+           const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& d)
+{
+    using namespace detail;
+    return os << make_string<CharT, Traits>::from(d.count()) +
+                 get_units<CharT>(typename Period::type{});
+}
+
 }  // namespace date